tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-55326068395448157852024-02-21T03:33:06.028-05:00urbanologygroupmucoproteinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08273989713827724971noreply@blogger.comBlogger238125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5532606839544815785.post-38289460511055840792008-05-02T11:25:00.001-04:002008-05-02T11:25:42.440-04:00 <b></b><br /> <b>Mirza Asadullah Baig Khan</b> (<span href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</span>/<span href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</span>: <b>مرزا اسد اللہ خان</b> ), <span href="/wiki/Pen-name" title="Pen-name">pen-name</span> <b>Ghalib</b> (<span href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</span>/<span href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</span>: <b>غالب</b>, <i>ġhālib</i>) and <b>Asad</b> (former pen-name)(<span href="/wiki/December_27" title="December 27">27 December</span> <span href="/wiki/1796" title="1796">1796</span> — <span href="/wiki/February_15" title="February 15">15 February</span> <span href="/wiki/1869" title="1869">1869</span>), was an all time great classical <span href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</span> and <span href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</span> poet of the <span href="/wiki/Indian_Subcontinent" title="Indian Subcontinent">subcontinent</span>. Most notably, he wrote several <span href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">ghazals</span> during his life, which have since been interpreted and sung in many different ways by different people. He is considered to be the <b>most dominating poet</b> of the <b><span href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</span></b> language.<br /> <span name="Life" id="Life"></span><br /> <b> Life</b><br /> Ghalib's closest rival was poet <span href="/wiki/Zauq" title="Zauq">Zauq</span>, tutor of <span href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar_II" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar II">Bahadur Shah Zafar II</span>, the then emperor of <span href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</span> with his seat in Delhi. There are some amusing anecdotes of the competition between Ghalib and Zauq and exchange of jibes between them. However, there was mutual respect for each other's talent. Both also admired and acknowledged the supremacy of <span href="/wiki/Meer_Taqi_Meer" title="Meer Taqi Meer">Meer Taqi Meer</span>, a towering figure of Urdu Poetry of 18th century. Another poet <span href="/wiki/Momin_Khan_Momin" title="Momin Khan Momin">Momin</span>, whose ghazals had a distinctly lyrical flavor, was also a famous contemporary of Ghalib.<br /> <span name="Ghalib.27s_poetry" id="Ghalib.27s_poetry"></span><br /> <img src="http://www.hotelbook.com/_imagecache/UZ/11836/galfull_11836_b1.jpg" alt="Mirza Ghalib" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Contemporaries and disciples</b><br /> Although Ghalib wrote in <span href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</span> as well, he is more famous for his <span href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">ghazals</span> written in <span href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</span>. It is believed he wrote most of his very popular ghazals by the age of nineteen. His ghazals, unlike those of <span href="/wiki/Meer_Taqi_Meer" title="Meer Taqi Meer">Meer Taqi Meer</span>, contain highly Persianized Urdu, and are therefore not easily understood or appreciated by a vast majority of people without some extra effort. Before Ghalib, ghazal was primarily an expression of anguished love but he expressed philosophy, the travails of life and many such subjects, thus vastly expanding the scope of ghazal. This, together with his many masterpieces, will forever remain his paramount contribution to Urdu Poetry and Literature.<br /> In keeping with the conventions of the classical ghazal, in most of Ghalib's verses, the identity and the gender of the beloved is indeterminate. The beloved could be a beautiful woman, or a beautiful boy, or even God. As the renowned critic/poet/writer <span href="/w/index.php?title=Shamsur_Rahman_Faruqui&action=edit" class="new" title="Shamsur Rahman Faruqui">Shamsur Rahman Faruqui</span> <span href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/srf/srf_conventions_of_love.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/srf/srf_conventions_of_love.pdf" rel="nofollow">explains</span>, since the convention of having the "idea" of a lover or beloved instead of an actual lover/beloved freed the poet-protagonist-lover from the demands of "realism", love poetry in Urdu from the last quarter of the seventeenth century onwards consists mostly of "poems about love" and not "love poems" in the Western sense of the term. Ghalib's poetry is a fine illustration of this. Ghalib also excels in deeply introspective and philosophical verses.<br /> The first complete English translation of Ghalib's love poems (ghazals) was written by <span href="http://www.niazi.com" class="external text" title="http://www.niazi.com" rel="nofollow">Dr. Sarfaraz K. Niazi</span>(<span href="http://www.ghalib.org" class="external free" title="http://www.ghalib.org" rel="nofollow">http://www.ghalib.org</span>) and published by Rupa & Co in India and Ferozsons in Pakistan. The title of this book is Love Sonnets of Ghalib and it contains complete roman transliteration, explication and an extensive lexicon.<br /> <span name="His_Letters" id="His_Letters"></span><br /> <b> His Letters</b><br /> His original <i><span href="/wiki/Takhallus" title="Takhallus">Takhallus</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/Pen-name" title="Pen-name">pen-name</span>) was <span href="/wiki/Asad" title="Asad">Asad</span>, drawn from his given name, Asadullah Khan. At some point early in his poetic career he also decided to adopt the taKhallus 'Ghalib' (meaning <i>all conquering,</i> <i>superior,</i> <i>most excellent</i>).<br /> Popular legend has it that he changed his <i>nom de plume</i> to 'Ghalib' when he came across this <i>sher</i> (couplet) by another poet who used the taKhallus 'Asad':<br /> The legend says that upon hearing this couplet, Ghalib ruefully exclaimed, "whoever authored this couplet does indeed deserve the Lord's rahmat (mercy) (for having composed such a deplorable specimen of Urdu poetry). If I use the taKhallus Asad, then surely (people will mistake this couplet to be mine and) there will be much la'anat (curse) on me!" And, saying so, he changed his takhallus to 'Ghalib'.<br /> However, <i><b>this legend is little more than a figment of the legend-creator's imagination.</b></i> Extensive research performed by commentators and scholars of Ghalib's works, notably Imtiaz Ali Arshi and Kalidas Gupta Raza, has succeeded in identifying the chronology of Ghalib's published work (sometimes down to the exact calendar day!). Although the taKhallus 'Asad' appears more infrequently in Ghalib's work than 'Ghalib', it appears that he did use both his noms de plume interchangeably throughout his career and did not seem to prefer either one over the other.<br /> <i>See note at <span href="/wiki/Urdu_poetry#Pen_names" title="Urdu poetry">Urdu poetry#Pen names</span></i><br /> <span name="Film.2CTV_serial_and_Plays_based_on_Ghalib" id="Film.2CTV_serial_and_Plays_based_on_Ghalib"></span><br /> <b> His Takhallus</b><br /> Indian Cinema has paid a tribute to the legendary poet through a film (in sepia/black and white) named <i>Mirza Ghalib</i> (made in <span href="/wiki/1954" title="1954">1954</span>) in which <span href="/wiki/Bharat_Bhushan" title="Bharat Bhushan">Bharat Bhushan</span> plays Ghalib and <span href="/wiki/Suraiya" title="Suraiya">Suraiya</span> plays his courtesan lover, Chaudvin. The musical score of the film was composed by <span href="/wiki/Ghulam_Mohammed" title="Ghulam Mohammed">Ghulam Mohammed</span> and his compositions of Ghalib's famous ghazals are likely to remain everlasting favorites.<br /> Pakistan Cinema has also paid tribute to the legendary poet through another film also named <i>Mirza Ghalib</i>. The film was directed by <span href="/w/index.php?title=M.M._Billoo_Mehra&action=edit" class="new" title="M.M. Billoo Mehra">M.M. Billoo Mehra</span> and produced as well by M.M. Billoo Mehra for <span href="/w/index.php?title=S.K._Pictures&action=edit" class="new" title="S.K. Pictures">S.K. Pictures</span>. The music was composed by <span href="/w/index.php?title=Tassaduq_Hussain&action=edit" class="new" title="Tassaduq Hussain">Tassaduq Hussain</span>. The film starred Pakistan film superstar <span href="/w/index.php?title=Sudhir&action=edit" class="new" title="Sudhir">Sudhir</span> playing Ghalib and Madam <span href="/wiki/Noor_Jehan" title="Noor Jehan">Noor Jehan</span> playing his courtesan lover, Chaudvin. The film was released on <span href="/wiki/November_24" title="November 24">November 24</span>, <span href="/wiki/1961" title="1961">1961</span> and reached average status at the box-office, however, the music remains memorable in Pakistan to this day.<br /> <span href="/wiki/Gulzar" title="Gulzar">Gulzar</span> produced a TV serial titled <i>Mirza Ghalib</i>. It was telecast on <span href="/wiki/DD_National" title="DD National">DD National</span> and was quite well-accepted and liked by viewers. <span href="/wiki/Naseeruddin_Shah" title="Naseeruddin Shah">Naseeruddin Shah</span> played Ghalib in the serial. The ghazals were sung by <span href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh" title="Jagjit Singh">Jagjit Singh</span> and Chitra singh.<br /> Pakistan government in 1969 commissioned Khaliq Ibrahim (died 2006) to make a documentary on Mirza Ghalib. The movie was completed in 1971-2, and is regarded as a masterpiece. It is said, that the movie--a docu-drama--was historically more correct than what the official Pakistan government point of view was. Thus, it was never released. Till this date, barring a few private viewing, the movie is lying with the Department of Films and Publication, Government of Pakistan. The movie was made on 16 mm format. Ghalib's role was played by actor Subhani Bayunus, who later played this role in many TV productions.<br /> Various Theatre groups have staged various plays related to the life of Mirza Ghalib,have shown different life styles and the way he used to live his life.One of the leading theatre group in New Delhi Pierrot's Troupe staged a play named "GHALIB IN NEW DELHI" where it was shown if Ghalib returns back to his beloved Dilli.and what all changes will he see here.It is a comedy directed by Dr.M.Sayed Alam.<br /> <span name="Deewan-E-Ghalib_Online" id="Deewan-E-Ghalib_Online"></span><br /> <b> Deewan-E-Ghalib Online</b><br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Urdu_poetry" title="Urdu poetry">Urdu poetry</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_Urdu_language_poets" title="List of Urdu language poets">List of Urdu language poets</span> mucoproteinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08273989713827724971noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5532606839544815785.post-85166765851959693602008-05-01T11:42:00.001-04:002008-05-01T11:42:39.954-04:00 <b></b><br /> <i>For the <span href="/wiki/Football_%28soccer%29" title="Football (soccer)">football</span> team of the same city, see <span href="/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C." title="Hull City A.F.C.">Hull City A.F.C.</span></i><br /> <b>Hull FC</b> is a professional <span href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</span> football club formed in 1865 and based in <span href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</span>, <span href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</span>. They were one of the founder members of the <span href="/wiki/Northern_Union" title="Northern Union">Northern Union</span> which was formed in 1895. Later that year they moved to the Hull Athletic Club's ground at <span href="/wiki/The_Boulevard" title="The Boulevard">The Boulevard</span>, Airlie Street, which gave rise to their nickname "The Airlie Birds". Traditionally people from the west side of <span href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</span> supported Hull FC while <span href="/wiki/Hull_Kingston_Rovers" title="Hull Kingston Rovers">Hull Kingston Rovers</span> were supported by the east half, the 'border' usually being regarded as the <span href="/wiki/River_Hull" title="River Hull">River Hull</span>. The club reverted to their former name of Hull FC in 1999, after Hull (then known as <b>Hull Sharks</b>) merged with <span href="/wiki/Gateshead_Thunder" title="Gateshead Thunder">Gateshead Thunder</span> after both clubs ran into financial difficulties.<br /> <span href="/wiki/Old_Faithful%2C_rugby_league_song" title="Old Faithful, rugby league song">Old Faithful</span> is a traditional Hull terrace song.<br /> <span name="History" id="History"></span><br /> <b> History</b><br /> The club was formed by a group of ex-schoolboys from <span href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</span>, who had been at <span href="/wiki/Rugby_School" title="Rugby School">Rugby school</span>, in 1865. The founders used to meet at the Young Mans Fellowship, at St. Mary's Church in Lowgate. The vicar at that time was the Reverend Scott and his 5 sons made up the nucleus of the team. The club immediately took on members who were plumbers and glaziers.<br /> Soon another team, Hull White Star, was formed and the two clubs merged. Hull Football Club was one of the first clubs in the north of England to join the <span href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union" title="Rugby Football Union">Rugby Football Union</span>.<br /> Hull were one of the initial 22 clubs to form the <span href="/wiki/Northern_Union" title="Northern Union">Northern Union</span> after the <span href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_league#The_schism_in_Great_Britain" title="History of rugby league">acrimonious split</span> from the <span href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union" title="Rugby Football Union">Rugby Football Union</span> in 1895. The club moved into the Hull Athletic Club at the Boulevard in 1895, and subsequently played their first ever match there in September of that year. 8,000 people turned out to witness the first club's match in which Hull beat Liversedge.<br /> The early years of the Northern Union saw Hull prosper, and their black and white irregular hooped jerseys became one of the most famous and feared strips in the league. Between 1908-10, Hull lost three consecutive <span href="/wiki/Rugby_League_Challenge_Cup" title="Rugby League Challenge Cup">Challenge Cup</span> finals, and has in fact lost in more major finals than anyone else.<br /> In <span href="/wiki/1913" title="1913">1913</span>, they paid a world record £600, plus £14 per match, to Hunslet for <span href="/wiki/Billy_Batten" title="Billy Batten">Billy Batten</span>, one of only seventeen players, and the only representative from Hull FC, so far inducted into the <span href="/wiki/British_Rugby_League_Hall_of_Fame" title="British Rugby League Hall of Fame">British Rugby League Hall of Fame</span>. A year later the Airlie Birds won their first Challenge Cup, beating Huddersfield in the semi-final and <span href="/wiki/Wakefield_Trinity_Wildcats" title="Wakefield Trinity Wildcats">Wakefield Trinity</span> in the final. Playing alongside Billy on that day was <span href="/wiki/John_Harrison_%28VC%29" title="John Harrison (VC)">John Harrison (VC)</span>, the only professional sportsman to win the <span href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</span>, the holder of the club record for most tries in a season. In 1920, Batten was once again key in Hull's first ever <span href="/wiki/Rugby_League_Championship" title="Rugby League Championship">Championship</span> final, scoring the only try in the 3-2 victory over <span href="/wiki/Huddersfield_Giants" title="Huddersfield Giants">Huddersfield</span>.<br /> The early-<span href="/wiki/1920s" title="1920s">1920s</span> were bittersweet years for the club. In 1921, Hull won the <span href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Cup_%28rugby_league%29" title="Yorkshire Cup (rugby league)">Yorkshire Cup</span> but lost the <span href="/wiki/Yorkshire_League" title="Yorkshire League">county championship</span>, both against rivals <span href="/wiki/Hull_Kingston_Rovers" title="Hull Kingston Rovers">Hull Kingston Rovers</span>. Hull couldn't match the successes of 1914, losing a further two consecutive cup finals in 1922-23 to <span href="/wiki/Rochdale_Hornets" title="Rochdale Hornets">Rochdale Hornets</span> and <span href="/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos" title="Leeds Rhinos">Leeds</span> respectively, but they managed to win the <span href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Cup_%28rugby_league%29" title="Yorkshire Cup (rugby league)">Yorkshire Cup</span> and finish top of the league.<br /> In the early 1930s, Hull had a full back and goal kicker called Joe Oliver. Oliver was so dependable with the boot that the crowd at one match spontaneously started singing the Gene Autry song, <span href="/wiki/Old_Faithful%2C_rugby_league_song" title="Old Faithful, rugby league song">Old Faithful</span> at him. Hull supporters adopted the song as their battle cry from then on.<br /> Hull's record attendance was set in 1936 when 28,798 turned up for the visit of Leeds for a third round Challenge cup match.<br /> <span name="Post_World_War_two" id="Post_World_War_two"></span><br /> <b> Early years</b><br /> The 1952 Kangaroos visited the Boulevard on Monday 8th September. They had opened their tour with a victory at Keighley two days earlier, and they continued their winning run with a 28-0 victory over Hull.<br /> In 1954, the black Welshman Roy Francis became the first black professional coach in any British team sport, when he coached Hull.<br /> After the second world war, Hull won two <span href="/wiki/Rugby_League_Championship" title="Rugby League Championship">Championship</span> in three years, beating <span href="/wiki/Halifax_RLFC" title="Halifax RLFC">Halifax</span> in <span href="/wiki/1956" title="1956">1956</span> and <span href="/wiki/Workington_Town" title="Workington Town">Workington Town</span> in <span href="/wiki/1958" title="1958">1958</span>. These two triumphs healed the wound of two successive <span href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Cup_%28rugby_league%29" title="Yorkshire Cup (rugby league)">Yorkshire Cupfinal</span> defeats in <span href="/wiki/1955" title="1955">1955</span> and <span href="/wiki/1957" title="1957">1957</span>. They lost in two further Challenge Cup finals to <span href="/wiki/Wigan_Warriors" title="Wigan Warriors">Wigan</span> and <span href="/wiki/Wakefield_Trinity_Wildcats" title="Wakefield Trinity Wildcats">Wakefield</span> in <span href="/wiki/1959" title="1959">1959</span> and <span href="/wiki/1960" title="1960">1960</span>. All these reverses, when one hand had been grasping so many trophies, gave Hull a steely resolve and a thirst for success.<br /> With the coaching appointment of <span href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Bunting&action=edit" class="new" title="Arthur Bunting">Arthur Bunting</span> Hull FC began a period of dominance. Hull won all of their 26 Division Two matches in 1978-79, the only time a club has won all of its league matches in a season and returning to the top flight. The Airlie Birds lost the 1980 Challenge Cup final against <span href="/wiki/Hull_Kingston_Rovers" title="Hull Kingston Rovers">Hull KR</span> 10-5 and have never won at Wembley since, it was reputed that a makeshift sign was left on the A63 (the major westerly road out of Hull) that read "last one out turn the lights off!" due to most of the city travelling to Wembley for the final. In <span href="/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982</span>, Hull, crushed by <span href="/wiki/Widnes_Vikings" title="Widnes Vikings">Widnes</span> in the <span href="/wiki/Rugby_League_Premiership" title="Rugby League Premiership">Premiership</span> final, avenged the defeat with an 18-9 Challenge Cup replay win.<br /> Hull eventually won the league in 1983 and also reached the Premiership final, the Challenge Cup final and the Yorkshire Cup final, but the latter trophy would be their only reward from the three finals. The signing of <span href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</span> <span href="/wiki/Peter_Sterling" title="Peter Sterling">Peter Sterling</span>, a 2006 inductee into the <span href="/wiki/Australian_Rugby_League_Hall_of_Fame" title="Australian Rugby League Hall of Fame">Australian Rugby League Hall of Fame</span>, maintained Hull's strength, and Bunting's men went to their third successive <span href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Cup_%28rugby_league%29" title="Yorkshire Cup (rugby league)">Yorkshire Cup</span> beating Hull KR 29-12, but were edged out in arguably the greatest ever <span href="/wiki/Challenge_Cup_1985" title="Challenge Cup 1985">Challenge Cup final of 1985</span> by <span href="/wiki/Wigan_Warriors" title="Wigan Warriors">Wigan</span> at <span href="/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_%281923%29" title="Wembley Stadium (1923)">Wembley Stadium</span> with a score of 28 to 24 in Wigan's favour. A number of subsequent coaches, such as <span href="/wiki/Brian_Smith_%28rugby_league%29" title="Brian Smith (rugby league)">Brian Smith</span> (1988-91) failed to deliver consistent success. Hull lost the Premiership final in 1989 to <span href="/wiki/Widnes_Vikings" title="Widnes Vikings">Widnes</span>, but two years later returned to beat them at <span href="/wiki/Old_Trafford_%28football%29" title="Old Trafford (football)">Old Trafford</span> under coach <span href="/wiki/Noel_Cleal" title="Noel Cleal">Noel Cleal</span>. <span name="Super_League_era" id="Super_League_era"></span><br /> <b> Post World War two</b><br /> When the <span href="/wiki/Super_League_%28Europe%29" title="Super League (Europe)">Super League</span> was formed, it was suggested that Hull should merge with <span href="/wiki/Hull_Kingston_Rovers" title="Hull Kingston Rovers">Hull Kingston Rovers</span> to form 'Humberside'. This was resisted but the club changed its name to Hull Sharks. It is unclear who came up with the 'Sharks' as a nickname but for a nautical city it was a fairly obvious choice.Hull FC finished below the cut-off point of 10th in the existing top flight and were excluded from the new Super League.<br /> The club won promotion to the <span href="/wiki/Super_League_%28Europe%29" title="Super League (Europe)">Super League</span> until 1997. Hull and <span href="/wiki/Gateshead_Thunder" title="Gateshead Thunder">Gateshead Thunder</span> merged at the end of <span href="/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</span>, after the owner of the two clubs could not afford to keep both afloat and Hull reverted to their original name, Gateshead later reforming as a new club but retaining the Thunder tag. Ex-<span href="/wiki/St_Helens_RFC" title="St Helens RFC">St Helens</span> and Gateshead Thunder coach <span href="/wiki/Shaun_McRae" title="Shaun McRae">Shaun McRae</span> was at the helm from 2000 up to 2004.<br /> After 107 years at the Boulevard, Hull moved in January 2003 to a £44m state-of-the-art <span href="/wiki/Hull_City_Council" title="Hull City Council">council-owned</span> Kingston Communications Stadium, more commonly known as the <span href="/wiki/KC_Stadium" title="KC Stadium">KC Stadium</span>. They are joint tenants at the stadium alongside <span href="/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C." title="Hull City A.F.C.">city's football team</span>: the two teams have priority use at the stadium at the end of each sport's season, thus Hull FC receive priority during the early part of the football season, the situation being reversed at the early part of the rugby season. Shaun McRae left the club to return to <span href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</span> at the end of the 2004 season; he was replaced by former <span href="/wiki/England_national_rugby_league_team" title="England national rugby league team">England</span> coach <span href="/wiki/John_Kear" title="John Kear">John Kear</span>, who had previously been McRae's deputy.<br /> In his first season at the club, Kear led Hull to the <span href="/wiki/Rugby_League_Challenge_Cup" title="Rugby League Challenge Cup">Challenge Cup</span> final for the first time since 1985. Hull defeated <span href="/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos" title="Leeds Rhinos">Leeds Rhinos</span> 25-24 in a thrilling final at Cardiff's <span href="/wiki/Millennium_Stadium" title="Millennium Stadium">Millennium Stadium</span> to lift the trophy. Paul Cooke's 77th minute try, which was converted by Danny Brough gave Hull a 1 point lead, which they held onto after Hull captain Richard Swain charged down a drop-goal attempt from Leeds skipper Kevin Sinfield in the dying seconds of the match.<br /> John Kear left Hull FC on <span href="/wiki/April_3" title="April 3">3 April</span> <span href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</span> after a disappointing start to the season, which saw Hull FC lose 4 out of their first 7 league games and also their defence of the Challenge Cup being ended at the first hurdle against the <span href="/wiki/Bradford_Bulls" title="Bradford Bulls">Bradford Bulls</span> in a 23-12 defeat, to be replaced by Peter Sharp who was recruited from Parramatta Eels where he was assistant coach. Between <span href="/wiki/April_14" title="April 14">14 April</span> – <span href="/wiki/July_15" title="July 15">15 July</span> <span href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</span> Hull FC won 13 matches in succession, including a 27-26 defeat of the league leaders St Helens on the <span href="/wiki/June_8" title="June 8">8 June</span> <span href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</span>. The last time they beat St Helens on their ground was 18 years ago. This run ended in defeat at Harlequins RL on the <span href="/wiki/July_23" title="July 23">23 July</span> <span href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</span>. Hull managed to finish in second place, their highest league position in the <span href="/wiki/Super_League_%28Europe%29" title="Super League (Europe)">Super League</span> era. They lost to the league leaders <span href="/wiki/St_Helens_RFC" title="St Helens RFC">St Helens</span> in the first Grand Final playoff game, but succeeded in reaching the final by defeating the reigning champions Bradford Bulls. Over 20,000 Hull FC fans travelled to Old Trafford, but again they lost out to the Saints, this time by 26-4. The overall attendance broke the Grand Final record, mainly due to the stadium's recent expansion.<br /> For the 2007 season, Hull signed five players: <span href="/wiki/Matt_Sing" title="Matt Sing">Matt Sing</span> (a prolific <span href="/wiki/National_Rugby_League" title="National Rugby League">National Rugby League</span> try-scorer and <span href="/wiki/Australian_Kangaroos" title="Australian Kangaroos">Australian</span> representative), Hutch Maiava, Willie Manu, Danny Tickle and Wayne Godwin. Also, the <i>Hull FC v Hull Kingston Rovers</i> derbies are back for the 2007 season due to Rovers promotion from National League 1. The first of four of these derby matches was played on <span href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</span>, the <span href="/wiki/April_9" title="April 9">9 April</span> <span href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</span> at the KC Stadium. The game was played in front of a <span href="/wiki/Sell-out" title="Sell-out">sell-out</span> attendance of 23,002 and ended with a result for the Black and Whites who had been struggling early in the season. The final score was 22 - 14 with <span href="/wiki/Sid_Domic" title="Sid Domic">Sid Domic</span> crossing the line for the Airlie Birds in the final seconds. On <span href="/wiki/April_23" title="April 23">April 23</span> <span href="/wiki/Paul_Cooke" title="Paul Cooke">Paul Cooke</span>, stand-off, controversially resigned from Hull FC to join Hull Kingston Rovers. He played his first game for them on Friday <span href="/wiki/April_27" title="April 27">April 27</span> against Huddersfield . On Saturday <span href="/wiki/May_5" title="May 5">May 5</span> Cooke took to the field at the Millennium Stadium for the 200th all Hull derby against Hull FC.<br /> In early June 2007, Hull signed <span href="/wiki/Brisbane_Broncos" title="Brisbane Broncos">Brisbane</span>'s <span href="/wiki/National_Rugby_League_season_2006" title="National Rugby League season 2006">2006</span> <span href="/wiki/Clive_Churchill_Medal" title="Clive Churchill Medal">Clive Churchill Medallist</span>, <span href="/wiki/Shaun_Berrigan" title="Shaun Berrigan">Shaun Berrigan</span>, for the 2008 season.<br /> Also, in early July 2007, Hull FC played their bitter rivals, Hull Kingston Rover at Craven Park in front of just over 9,000 people, where Hull FC overcame a good first half from Hull Kingston Rovers, and eventually came out 30-20 winners in the enemy's back yard, but unfortunately Hull FC could not carry this form into the next Hull derby where Paul Cooke helped to inflict an embarrassing 42-6 home defeat on the black and whites in front of another sell out crowd.<br /> <span name="2008_Squad"></span><br /> <b> 2008 Squad</b><br /> <b>2008 Engage Super League</b><br /> <b>*Round 13 played at <span href="/wiki/Millennium_Stadium" title="Millennium Stadium">Millennium Stadium</span>,<span href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</span>.</b><br /> <b>***<span href="/wiki/Super_League_Grand_Final" title="Super League Grand Final">engage Super League Grand Final</span> to be played at <span href="/wiki/Old_Trafford_%28football_ground%29" title="Old Trafford (football ground)">Old Trafford</span>, <span href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</span>.</b><br /> <span name="Transfers" id="Transfers"></span><br /> <b> 2008 Fixtures/Results</b><br /> <span name="2008_Transfers_in"></span><br /> <b> Transfers</b><br /> <span name="2007_Transfers_out"></span><br /> <b> 2008 Transfers in</b><br /> <span name="Captains" id="Captains"></span><br /> <img src="http://v4admin.sportnetwork.net/upload/449/old/4491140113849.jpg" alt="Hull FC" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b> 2007 Transfers out</b><br /> <span name="Pre-Super_League" id="Pre-Super_League"></span><br /> <b> Captains</b><br /> 1980-81: <span href="/wiki/Steve_Norton" title="Steve Norton">Steve Norton</span><br /> 1981-85: <span href="/w/index.php?title=Dave_Topliss&action=edit" class="new" title="Dave Topliss">Dave Topliss</span><br /> 1985-87: <span href="/wiki/Lee_Crooks" title="Lee Crooks">Lee Crooks</span><br /> 1987-90: <span href="/w/index.php?title=Dane_O%27Hara&action=edit" class="new" title="Dane O'Hara">Dane O'Hara</span><br /> 1990-92: <span href="/w/index.php?title=Greg_MacKey&action=edit" class="new" title="Greg MacKey">Greg MacKey</span><br /> 1992-94: <span href="/wiki/Russ_Walker" title="Russ Walker">Russ Walker</span><br /> 1994-96: <span href="/wiki/Steve_McNamara" title="Steve McNamara">Steve McNamara</span><br /> 1996: <span href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Divorty&action=edit" class="new" title="Gary Divorty">Gary Divorty</span><br /> 1997: <span href="/w/index.php?title=Andy_Fisher&action=edit" class="new" title="Andy Fisher">Andy Fisher</span><br /> <span name="Super_League" id="Super_League"></span><br /> <b> Pre-Super League</b><br /> <span name="Notable_Former_players" id="Notable_Former_players"></span><br /> <b> Super League</b><br /> <span name="Honours" id="Honours"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Wales_2.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Wales"><img alt="Flag of Wales" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Wales_2.svg/22px-Flag_of_Wales_2.svg.png" width="22" height="13" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Tommy_Harris_%28rugby_footballer%29" title="Tommy Harris (rugby footballer)">Tommy Harris</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Wales_2.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Wales"><img alt="Flag of Wales" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Wales_2.svg/22px-Flag_of_Wales_2.svg.png" width="22" height="13" border="0" class="thumbborder" /></span> <span href="/wiki/Clive_Sullivan" title="Clive Sullivan">Clive Sullivan</span> <b> Notable Former players</b><br /> <span name="Records" id="Records"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Rugby_League_Championship" title="Rugby League Championship">Championship</span>: 1919-20, 1920-21, 1935-36, 1955-56, 1957-58, 1982-83 <i>(6 times)</i><br /> <span href="/wiki/Rugby_League_Challenge_Cup" title="Rugby League Challenge Cup">Challenge Cup</span>: 1913-14, 1981-82, 2005 <i>(3 times)</i><br /> <span href="/wiki/Rugby_League_Premiership" title="Rugby League Premiership">Premiership</span>: 1990-91<br /> <span href="/wiki/Rugby_League_Championship_Second_Division" title="Rugby League Championship Second Division">Division Two Championship</span>: 1976-77, 1978-79, 1997 <i>(3 times)</i><br /> <span href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Cup_%28rugby_league%29" title="Yorkshire Cup (rugby league)">Yorkshire Cup</span>: 1922-23, 1968-69, 1981-82, 1982-83, 1983-84 <i>(5 times)</i><br /> <span href="/wiki/Yorkshire_League" title="Yorkshire League">Yorkshire League</span>: 1918-19, 1922-23, 1926-27, 1935-36 <i>(4 times)</i><br /> <span href="/wiki/John_Player_Trophy" title="John Player Trophy">John Player Trophy</span>: 1981-82<br /> <span href="/wiki/BBC2_Floodlit_Trophy" title="BBC2 Floodlit Trophy">BBC2 Floodlit Trophy</span>: 1979-80 (not subsequently contested) <b> Honours</b><br /> <span name="Player_records" id="Player_records"></span><br /> <b> Records</b><br /> <span name="Career_records" id="Career_records"></span><br /> Most tries in a match: 7 by <span href="/wiki/Clive_Sullivan" title="Clive Sullivan">Clive Sullivan</span> vs <span href="/wiki/Doncaster_Dragons" title="Doncaster Dragons">Doncaster</span>, <span href="/wiki/April_15" title="April 15">15 April</span> <span href="/wiki/1968" title="1968">1968</span><br /> Most goals in a match: 14 by <span href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Kennedy&action=edit" class="new" title="Jim Kennedy">Jim Kennedy</span> vs <span href="/wiki/Rochdale_Hornets" title="Rochdale Hornets">Rochdale Hornets</span>- <span href="/wiki/April_7" title="April 7">7 April</span> <span href="/wiki/1921" title="1921">1921</span>, <span href="/w/index.php?title=Sammy_Lloyd&action=edit" class="new" title="Sammy Lloyd">Sammy Lloyd</span> v <span href="/wiki/Oldham" title="Oldham">Oldham</span> - <span href="/wiki/September_10" title="September 10">10 September</span> <span href="/wiki/1978" title="1978">1978</span>, <span href="/w/index.php?title=Matt_Crowther&action=edit" class="new" title="Matt Crowther">Matt Crowther</span> v <span href="/wiki/Sheffield_Eagles" title="Sheffield Eagles">Sheffield Eagles</span> - <span href="/wiki/March_2" title="March 2">2 March</span> <span href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</span><br /> Most points in a match: 36 by <span href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Kennedy&action=edit" class="new" title="Jim Kennedy">Jim Kennedy</span> vs <span href="/wiki/Keighley_Cougars" title="Keighley Cougars">Keighley</span>, <span href="/wiki/January_29" title="January 29">29 January</span> <span href="/wiki/1921" title="1921">1921</span><br /> Most tries in a season: 52 by <span href="/wiki/John_Harrison_%28VC_1917%29" title="John Harrison (VC 1917)">Jack Harrison VC, MC</span>, 1914-15<br /> Most goals in a season: 170 by <span href="/w/index.php?title=Geoff_%E2%80%98Sammy%E2%80%99_Lloyd&action=edit" class="new" title="Geoff 'Sammy' Lloyd">Geoff 'Sammy' Lloyd</span>, 1978-79<br /> Most points in a season: 369 by <span href="/w/index.php?title=Geoff_%E2%80%98Sammy%E2%80%99_Lloyd&action=edit" class="new" title="Geoff 'Sammy' Lloyd">Geoff 'Sammy' Lloyd</span>, 1978-79<br /> Consecutive Tries: 11 by <span href="/wiki/John_Harrison_%28VC_1917%29" title="John Harrison (VC 1917)">Jack Harrison VC, MC</span>, , 1914-15 & <span href="/wiki/Richard_Horne" title="Richard Horne">Richard Horne</span>, 2006 <b> Career records</b><br /> Also made their first super league grand final but lost to St Helens in 2006<br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> Highest score: 88-0 vs <span href="/wiki/Sheffield_Eagles" title="Sheffield Eagles">Sheffield Eagles</span>, <span href="/wiki/March_2" title="March 2">2 March</span> <span href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</span><br /> Highest against: 71-0 vs <span href="/wiki/Bradford_Bulls" title="Bradford Bulls">Bradford Bulls</span>, play offs 2005<br /> Highest attendance: 28,798 vs <span href="/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos" title="Leeds Rhinos">Leeds</span>, <span href="/wiki/March_7" title="March 7">7 March</span> <span href="/wiki/1936" title="1936">1936</span><br /> Fastest ever try in both codes of rugby: 9 seconds by Lee Jackson for Hull FC in the Yorkshire Cup semi-final against the <span href="/wiki/Sheffield_Eagles" title="Sheffield Eagles">Sheffield Eagles</span> at the <span href="/wiki/Don_Valley_Stadium" title="Don Valley Stadium">Don Valley Stadium</span>, 1992 This <span href="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=44608" class="external text" title="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=44608" rel="nofollow">World Record</span> still stands today<br /> Only team to have won every single league game in a season: 1979 Division Two<br /> Most consecutive Super League victories: 13 games, (<span href="/wiki/April_14" title="April 14">April 14</span>, <span href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</span> – <span href="/wiki/July_15" title="July 15">July 15</span>, <span href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</span>, beating Huddersfield, Wakefield, Catalans, Wigan, Bradford, Leeds, Huddersfield, St Helens, Harlequins, Castleford, Catalans, Salford & Warrington). mucoproteinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08273989713827724971noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5532606839544815785.post-80618242859055380552008-04-30T13:34:00.001-04:002008-04-30T13:34:33.514-04:00<img src="http://www.positivepowerco-op.com/imagesall/whiteclouds_07.jpg" alt="Drumlin field" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> A <b>drumlin field</b> is a cluster of dozens to hundreds of similarly shaped, sized and oriented <span href="/wiki/Drumlin" title="Drumlin">drumlins</span>, also called a <b>drumlin swarm</b>. Drumlins are one type of <span href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">landform</span> that indicate <span href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">continental ice sheet</span> glaciation. The total depth of glacial deposits may be hundreds of feet deep.<br /> <span name="Lake_Ontario_Example" id="Lake_Ontario_Example"></span><br /> mucoproteinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08273989713827724971noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5532606839544815785.post-50171090942295544102008-04-29T13:09:00.001-04:002008-04-29T13:09:12.835-04:00 <b> Microsoft Points</b><br /> <br /> <div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <span href="/wiki/Xbox_Live_Arcade" title="Xbox Live Arcade">Xbox Live Arcade</span></i><img src="http://www.xbox.com/NR/rdonlyres/489B9625-621F-4AAD-A5D4-B23B5790A3B9/0/topTen.jpg" alt="Xbox Live Marketplace" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Xbox Live Arcade</b><br /> The Video Marketplace is an online service operated by Microsoft that is used to distribute television shows and movies to <span href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</span> owners. The service was launched in USA on <span href="/wiki/November_22" title="November 22">November 22</span>, <span href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</span> via <span href="/wiki/Xbox_Live" title="Xbox Live">Xbox Live</span>. Initial content partners include <span href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</span>, <span href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</span>, <span href="/wiki/TBS_%28TV_network%29" title="TBS (TV network)">TBS</span>, <span href="/wiki/MTV_Networks" title="MTV Networks">MTV Networks</span>, <span href="/wiki/UFC" title="UFC">UFC</span>, <span href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros. Home Entertainment</span>. Other movie studios have since supported the service including <span href="/wiki/Lionsgate_Films" title="Lionsgate Films">Lionsgate Films</span> and <span href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures" title="Walt Disney Pictures">Walt Disney Pictures</span> as announced at <span href="/wiki/E3" title="E3">E3</span> 2007. <span href="http://www.xbox.com/en-US/community/events/e32007/articles/disneystudiosnowonmarketplace.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.xbox.com/en-US/community/events/e32007/articles/disneystudiosnowonmarketplace.htm" rel="nofollow">[1]</span> At the present time, the service is only available to users in the United States, however Microsoft intends to bring the service to Canada and Europe by the end of 2007.<br /> Various films and TV shows are available for purchase on the Video Marketplace, including both past and present series, such as <i><span href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</span></i> and <i><span href="/wiki/CSI:_Crime_Scene_Investigation" title="CSI: Crime Scene Investigation">CSI: Crime Scene Investigation</span></i>. Since then, all such problems have been resolved.<br /> On <span href="/wiki/March_6" title="March 6">March 6</span>, <span href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</span>, the <i><span href="/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</span></i> episode "<span href="/wiki/Good_Times_with_Weapons" title="Good Times with Weapons">Good Times with Weapons</span>" was available for free download. However, this episode was free only for the <span href="/wiki/HDTV" title="HDTV">HDTV</span> version until <span href="/wiki/April_3" title="April 3">April 3</span>, <span href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</span>. Starting on <span href="/wiki/March_13" title="March 13">March 13</span>, <span href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</span>, all episodes from <i>South Park'</i>s 11th season were offered uncensored. Also, starting on <span href="/w/index.php?title=July_26%2C_2007&action=edit" class="new" title="July 26, 2007">July 26, 2007</span>, the pilot episode of <i><span href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</span></i> was available for download free of charge for both the Standard and HD versions.<br /> <span name="Xbox_Live_Pipeline" id="Xbox_Live_Pipeline"></span><br /> <b> Xbox Live Pipeline</b><br /> Most criticisms leveled at the Xbox Live service concern the Xbox Live Marketplace. The service has come under fire from both gamers and the gaming press for charging for downloadable content. In many such cases, users were expecting instead that such content would be made available for free.<br /> A notable incident was Microsoft charging for a <i><span href="/wiki/Gears_of_War" title="Gears of War">Gears of War</span></i> map pack that developer <span href="/wiki/Epic_Games" title="Epic Games">Epic</span> wished to give away for free (although the plan of record is to release it for free in September). In this case, Microsoft Publishing was responsible for setting the price, with this not actually being a policy of the <span href="/wiki/Xbox" title="Xbox">Xbox</span> team or Xbox Live Marketplace as was implied. Free content is indeed possible, as evidenced by the release of a complete <span href="/wiki/Xbox_Live_Arcade" title="Xbox Live Arcade">Xbox Live Arcade</span> game, <i><span href="/wiki/Aegis_Wing" title="Aegis Wing">Aegis Wing</span></i>, for users in North America.<br /> Another topic for criticism is that most of the available downloads in the U.S. are not available for other global subscribers. The Video Marketplace, for example, is not available in other regions outside the US. However it will be released in Europe and Canada in Fall 2007, although some other content such as themes or game demos, is still not available in other regions than the US.<br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> mucoproteinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08273989713827724971noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5532606839544815785.post-24494384351042137442008-04-26T12:36:00.001-04:002008-04-26T12:36:45.643-04:00<img src="http://www.cnet.co.uk/i/c/blg/cat/podcasting/pc51.jpg" alt="Steve Jobs" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>Steven Paul Jobs</b> (born <span href="/wiki/February_24" title="February 24">February 24</span>, <span href="/wiki/1955" title="1955">1955</span>) is the co-founder and <span href="/wiki/CEO" title="CEO">CEO</span> of <span href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</span> and was the CEO of <span href="/wiki/Pixar_Animation_Studios" title="Pixar Animation Studios">Pixar</span> until its acquisition by <span href="/wiki/Disney" title="Disney">Disney</span>..<br /> Forbes senior editor <span href="/wiki/Daniel_Lyons" title="Daniel Lyons">Daniel Lyons</span> runs the blog <i>The Secret Diary of Steve Jobs</i>. The identity of the blogger was for long not known, until journalist <span href="/wiki/Brad_Stone" title="Brad Stone">Brad Stone</span> reveald Lyons.<br /> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal">Caddes, Carolyn (1986). <i>Portraits of Success: Impressions of Silicon Valley Pioneers</i>. Tioga Publishing Co.. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0935382569" class="internal">ISBN 0-935382-56-9</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portraits+of+Success%3A+Impressions+of+Silicon+Valley+Pioneers&rft.au=Caddes%2C+Carolyn&rft.date=1986&rft.pub=Tioga+Publishing+Co."> </span><br /> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><span href="/wiki/Robert_X._Cringely" title="Robert X. Cringely">Cringely, Robert X</span> (1996). <i><span href="/wiki/Accidental_Empires" title="Accidental Empires">Accidental Empires</span></i>. HarperBusiness. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0887308554" class="internal">ISBN 0-88730-855-4</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5B%5BAccidental+Empires%5D%5D&rft.au=Cringely%2C+Robert+X&rft.date=1996&rft.pub=HarperBusiness"> </span><br /> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal">Denning, Peter J. & Frenkel, Karen A. (1989). <i>A Conversation with Steve Jobs</i>. <span href="/wiki/Comm._ACM" title="Comm. ACM">Comm. ACM</span>. Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 437-443.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Conversation+with+Steve+Jobs&rft.au=Denning%2C+Peter+J.+%26+Frenkel%2C+Karen+A.&rft.date=1989&rft.pub=%5B%5BComm.+ACM%5D%5D"> </span><br /> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal">Deutschman, Alan (2001). <i><span href="/wiki/The_Second_Coming_of_Steve_Jobs" title="The Second Coming of Steve Jobs">The Second Coming of Steve Jobs</span></i>. Broadway. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0767904338" class="internal">ISBN 0-7679-0433-8</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5B%5BThe+Second+Coming+of+Steve+Jobs%5D%5D&rft.au=Deutschman%2C+Alan&rft.date=2001&rft.pub=Broadway"> </span><br /> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal">Freiberger, Paul & Swaine, Michael (1999). <i>Fire in the Valley: The Making of The Personal Computer</i>. <span href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</span> Trade. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0071358927" class="internal">ISBN 0-07-135892-7</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+in+the+Valley%3A+The+Making+of+The+Personal+Computer&rft.au=Freiberger%2C+Paul+%26+Swaine%2C+Michael&rft.date=1999&rft.pub=%5B%5BMcGraw-Hill%5D%5D+Trade"> </span><br /> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><span href="/wiki/Andy_Hertzfeld" title="Andy Hertzfeld">Hertzfeld, Andy</span> (2004). <i>Revolution in the Valley</i>. <span href="/wiki/O%27Reilly" title="O'Reilly">O'Reilly Books</span>. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0596007191" class="internal">ISBN 0-596-00719-1</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+in+the+Valley&rft.au=Hertzfeld%2C+Andy&rft.date=2004&rft.pub=%5B%5BO%27Reilly%7CO%27Reilly+Books%5D%5D"> </span><br /> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><span href="/wiki/Leander_Kahney" title="Leander Kahney">Kahney, Leander</span> (2004). <i><span href="/wiki/The_Cult_of_Mac" title="The Cult of Mac">The Cult of Mac</span></i>. <span href="/wiki/No_Starch_Press" title="No Starch Press">No Starch Press</span>. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=1886411832" class="internal">ISBN 1-886411-83-2</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5B%5BThe+Cult+of+Mac%5D%5D&rft.au=Kahney%2C+Leander&rft.date=2004&rft.pub=%5B%5BNo+Starch+Press%5D%5D"> </span><br /> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><span href="/wiki/Steven_Levy" title="Steven Levy">Levy, Steven</span> (1984). <i><span href="/wiki/Hackers:_Heroes_of_the_Computer_Revolution" title="Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution">Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution</span></i>. Anchor Press, <span href="/wiki/Doubleday" title="Doubleday">Doubleday</span>. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0385191952" class="internal">ISBN 0-385-19195-2</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5B%5BHackers%3A+Heroes+of+the+Computer+Revolution%5D%5D&rft.au=Levy%2C+Steven&rft.date=1984&rft.pub=Anchor+Press%2C+%5B%5BDoubleday%5D%5D"> </span><br /> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><span href="/wiki/Steven_Levy" title="Steven Levy">Levy, Steven</span> (1994). <i>Insanely Great: The Life and Times of Macintosh, the Computer that Changed Everything</i>. <span href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</span>. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0670852449" class="internal">ISBN 0-670-85244-9</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insanely+Great%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Macintosh%2C+the+Computer+that+Changed+Everything&rft.au=Levy%2C+Steven&rft.date=1994&rft.pub=%5B%5BPenguin+Books%5D%5D"> </span><br /> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal">Malone, Michael S. (1999). <i>Infinite Loop</i>. Aurum Press. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=1854106384" class="internal">ISBN 1-85410-638-4</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infinite+Loop&rft.au=Malone%2C+Michael+S.&rft.date=1999&rft.pub=Aurum+Press"> </span> <span href="/wiki/Bantam_Doubleday_Dell" title="Bantam Doubleday Dell">Bantam Doubleday Dell</span>. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0385486847" class="internal">ISBN 0-385-48684-7</span>.<br /> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><span href="/wiki/John_Markoff" title="John Markoff">Markoff, John</span> (2005). <i><span href="/wiki/What_the_Dormouse_Said:_How_the_60s_Counterculture_Shaped_the_Personal_Computer_Industry" title="What the Dormouse Said: How the 60s Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry">What the Dormouse Said: How the 60s Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry</span></i>. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0670033820" class="internal">ISBN 0-670-03382-0</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5B%5BWhat+the+Dormouse+Said%3A+How+the+60s+Counterculture+Shaped+the+Personal+Computer+Industry%5D%5D&rft.au=Markoff%2C+John&rft.date=2005"> </span><br /> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal">Simon, William L. & Young, Jeffrey S. (2005). <i><span href="/wiki/ICon:_Steve_Jobs" title="ICon: Steve Jobs">iCon: Steve Jobs</span>, The Greatest Second Act in the History of Business</i>. <span href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</span>. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0471720836" class="internal">ISBN 0-471-72083-6</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5B%5BiCon%3A+Steve+Jobs%5D%5D%2C+The+Greatest+Second+Act+in+the+History+of+Business&rft.au=Simon%2C+William+L.+%26+Young%2C+Jeffrey+S.&rft.date=2005&rft.pub=%5B%5BJohn+Wiley+%26+Sons%5D%5D"> </span><br /> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal">Stross, Randall E. (1993). <i>Steve Jobs and The NeXT Big Thing</i>. Atheneum Books. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0689121350" class="internal">ISBN 0-689-12135-0</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steve+Jobs+and+The+NeXT+Big+Thing&rft.au=Stross%2C+Randall+E.&rft.date=1993&rft.pub=Atheneum+Books"> </span><br /> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><span href="/wiki/Robert_Slater" title="Robert Slater">Slater, Robert</span> (1987). <i>Portraits in Silicon</i>. <span href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</span>. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0262192624" class="internal">ISBN 0-262-19262-4</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portraits+in+Silicon&rft.au=Slater%2C+Robert&rft.date=1987&rft.pub=%5B%5BMIT+Press%5D%5D"> </span> Chapter 28<br /> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal">Young, Jeffrey S. (1988). <i>Steve Jobs: The Journey is the Reward</i>. Scott, Foresman & Co.. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0673188647" class="internal">ISBN 0-673-18864-7</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steve+Jobs%3A+The+Journey+is+the+Reward&rft.au=Young%2C+Jeffrey+S.&rft.date=1988&rft.pub=Scott%2C+Foresman+%26+Co."> </span><br /> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><span href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Wozniak, Steve</span> (2006). <i><b>iWoz</b> Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I invented the personal computer, co-founded Apple and had fun doing it</i>. W. W. Norton & Co.. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0393061434" class="internal">ISBN 0-393-06143-4</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27%27%27iWoz%27%27%27+Computer+Geek+to+Cult+Icon%3A+How+I+invented+the+personal+computer%2C+co-founded+Apple+and+had+fun+doing+it&rft.au=Wozniak%2C+Steve&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Co."> </span><br /> <span href="http://www.apple.com/pr/bios/jobs.html" class="external text" title="http://www.apple.com/pr/bios/jobs.html" rel="nofollow">Steve Jobs' Executive Profile at Apple</span><br /> <span href="http://www.romain-moisescot.com/steve/" class="external text" title="http://www.romain-moisescot.com/steve/" rel="nofollow">All about Steve</span> extensive & short biographies, pictures, movies & interviews of or related to Steve Jobs.<br /> <span href="http://folklore.org/ProjectView.py?project=Macintosh&characters=Steve%20Jobs&detail=medium" class="external text" title="http://folklore.org/ProjectView.py?project=Macintosh&characters=Steve%20Jobs&detail=medium" rel="nofollow">Anecdotes</span> from Steve Jobs' early days in Apple as reported by <span href="/wiki/Andy_Hertzfeld" title="Andy Hertzfeld">Andy Hertzfeld</span>.<br /> <span href="http://www.xent.com/FoRK-archive/august97/0001.html" class="external text" title="http://www.xent.com/FoRK-archive/august97/0001.html" rel="nofollow">Creating Jobs: Apple's Founder Goes Home Again</span> <i><span href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</span></i>, Sunday <span href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</span>-<span href="/wiki/January_12" title="January 12">01-12</span>.<br /> <span href="http://youtube.com/watch?v=PEHNrqPkefI" class="external text" title="http://youtube.com/watch?v=PEHNrqPkefI" rel="nofollow">YouTube video of first Jobs' Macworld keynote in 1997, when he returned to Apple</span>, where he announced partnership with <span href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</span>.<br /> <span href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1R-jKKp3NA" class="external text" title="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1R-jKKp3NA" rel="nofollow">YouTube video of Jobs' commencement address</span> at <span href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</span>, <span href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</span>-<span href="/wiki/June_12" title="June 12">06-12</span>.<br /> <span href="http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/jobs-061505.html" class="external text" title="http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/jobs-061505.html" rel="nofollow">Text of Jobs' commencement address</span> at <span href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</span>, <span href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</span>-<span href="/wiki/June_12" title="June 12">06-12</span>.<br /> <span href="http://www.nndb.com/people/520/000023451/" class="external text" title="http://www.nndb.com/people/520/000023451/" rel="nofollow">Steve Jobs</span> at the <span href="/wiki/NNDB" title="NNDB">Notable Names Database</span><br /> <span href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0423418/" class="external text" title="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0423418/" rel="nofollow">Steve Jobs</span> at the <span href="/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database" title="Internet Movie Database">Internet Movie Database</span><br /> <span href="http://www.companypay.com/executive/compensation/apple_computer_inc.asp?yr=2005" class="external text" title="http://www.companypay.com/executive/compensation/apple_computer_inc.asp?yr=2005" rel="nofollow">Steve Jobs Compensation</span><br /> <span href="http://www.apple.com/hotnews/thoughtsonmusic/" class="external text" title="http://www.apple.com/hotnews/thoughtsonmusic/" rel="nofollow">"Thoughts on Music"</span> by Steve Jobs, <span href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</span>-<span href="/wiki/February_6" title="February 6">02-06</span><br /> <span class="PDFlink"><span href="http://www.cwheroes.org/archives/histories/jobs.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.cwheroes.org/archives/histories/jobs.pdf" rel="nofollow">Smithsonian Institution Oral History Interview</span></span><span style="font-size:smaller;"><span href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</span> (143 <span href="/wiki/Kibibyte" title="Kibibyte">KiB</span>)</span> — <span href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</span>-<span href="/wiki/April_20" title="April 20">04-20</span><br /> <span href="http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/_/id/5939600?rnd=1097596059279" class="external text" title="http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/_/id/5939600?rnd=1097596059279" rel="nofollow"><i>Rolling Stone</i>, Steve Jobs: The Rolling Stone Interview</span> - <span href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</span>-<span href="/wiki/December_3" title="December 3">12-03</span><br /> <span href="http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/oct2004/nf20041012_4018_db083.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/oct2004/nf20041012_4018_db083.htm" rel="nofollow"><i>BusinessWeek</i>, The Seed of Apple's Innovation</span> — <span href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</span>-<span href="/wiki/October_12" title="October 12">10-12</span><br /> <span href="http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2005/02/21/8251769/index.htm" class="external text" title="http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2005/02/21/8251769/index.htm" rel="nofollow"><i>Fortune</i>, How Big Can Apple Get?</span> — <span href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</span>-<span href="/wiki/February_21" title="February 21">02-21</span><br /> <span href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15262121/site/newsweek/" class="external text" title="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15262121/site/newsweek/" rel="nofollow">'Good for the Soul'</span> — <i><span href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</span></i>, <span href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</span>-<span href="/wiki/October_15" title="October 15">10-15</span><br /> <span href="http://d5.allthingsd.com/20070530/d5-gates-jobs-interview/" class="external text" title="http://d5.allthingsd.com/20070530/d5-gates-jobs-interview/" rel="nofollow"><i>All Things D</i>, Bill Gates and Steve Jobs (video and transcript of on stage interview</span> - <span href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</span>-<span href="/wiki/May_30" title="May 30">05-30</span> mucoproteinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08273989713827724971noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5532606839544815785.post-1445713169886636622008-04-25T11:15:00.001-04:002008-04-25T11:15:34.338-04:00 <b></b><br /> The <b>South West Pacific</b> was one of two <span href="/wiki/Theater_%28warfare%29" title="Theater (warfare)">theatres</span> of <span href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</span> in the <span href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</span> region, between <span href="/wiki/1942" title="1942">1942</span> and <span href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</span>. The South West Pacific theatre included the <span href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</span>, the <span href="/wiki/Netherlands_East_Indies" title="Netherlands East Indies">Netherlands East Indies</span> (excluding Sumatra), <span href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</span>, <span href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</span>, the Australian <span href="/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea" title="Territory of New Guinea">Territory of New Guinea</span> (including the <span href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</span>), the western part of the <span href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</span> and some neighbouring territories. The theatre takes its name from the major <span href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</span> command, which was known simply as the "<span href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_Area_%28command%29" title="South West Pacific Area (command)">South West Pacific Area</span>".<br /> In the theatre, <span href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</span> forces fought primarily <span href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" title="United States of America">United States</span> and Australian forces. <span href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</span>, Filipino, <span href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</span> and other Allied forces also served in the theatre.<br /> Most Japanese forces in the theatre were part of the <span href="/wiki/Southern_Expeditionary_Army_Group" title="Southern Expeditionary Army Group">Southern Expeditionary Army Group</span>, which was formed on <span href="/wiki/November_6" title="November 6">November 6</span>, <span href="/wiki/1941" title="1941">1941</span>, under General <span href="/wiki/Hisaichi_Terauchi" title="Hisaichi Terauchi">Hisaichi Terauchi</span> (also known as Count Terauchi), who was ordered to attack and occupy <span href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</span> territories in <span href="/wiki/South_East_Asia" title="South East Asia">South East Asia</span> and the South Pacific.<br /> On <span href="/wiki/March_30" title="March 30">March 30</span>, <span href="/wiki/1942" title="1942">1942</span>, the Allied South West Pacific Area command (SWPA) was formed and U.S. General <span href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</span> was appointed <i>Supreme Allied Commander South West Pacific Area</i>.<br /> <span name="Major_campaigns_in_the_theatre" id="Major_campaigns_in_the_theatre"></span><br /> <img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Southwest_Pacific_Area.JPG/300px-Southwest_Pacific_Area.JPG" alt="Southwest Pacific" align="center" style="padding:10px" /><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pacific_Theater_Areas%253Bmap1.JPG/300px-Pacific_Theater_Areas%253Bmap1.JPG" alt="Southwest Pacific" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Major campaigns in the theatre</b><br /> <span name="See_also" id="See_also"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippines_%281941-42%29" title="Battle of the Philippines (1941-42)">Philippines campaign, 1941-42</span><br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">Battle of Bataan</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Netherlands_East_Indies_campaign" title="Netherlands East Indies campaign">Netherlands East Indies campaign</span>, 1941-1942<br /> <span href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea campaign</span>, 1942-45<br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor_%281942-43%29" title="Battle of Timor (1942-43)">Portuguese Timor, 1942-43</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign%2C_1944-45" title="Philippines campaign, 1944-45">Philippines campaign, 1944-45</span><br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Battle of Leyte Gulf</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign%2C_1945" title="Borneo campaign, 1945">Borneo campaign, 1945</span> mucoproteinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08273989713827724971noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5532606839544815785.post-67728062185730210632008-04-24T12:23:00.000-04:002008-04-24T14:36:15.814-04:00 <b></b><br /> A <b>tamale</b> or <b>tamal</b> (from <span href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</span> <i>tamalli)</i> is a traditional <span href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</span> food consisting of steam-cooked <span href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</span> meal dough with or without a filling. Tamales can be filled with meats, <span href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</span> (post-<span href="/wiki/Colonial_era" title="Colonial era">colonial</span>), and sliced <span href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chiles</span> or any preparation according to taste. The tamal is generally wrapped in a corn <span href="/wiki/Husk" title="Husk">husk</span> or <span href="/wiki/Plantain" title="Plantain">plantain</span> leaves before cooking, depending on the region they come from.<br /> Tamales have been made throughout the <span href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">American</span> continent for over 5000 years . Their essence is the corn meal dough made from <span href="/wiki/Hominy" title="Hominy">hominy</span> (called <span href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">masa</span>), or a masa mix such as <span href="/wiki/Gruma" title="Gruma">Maseca</span>, usually filled with a sweet or savory filling, wrapped in plant leaves or <span href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</span> husks, and cooked, usually by steaming, until firm. Tamales were developed as a portable ration for use by war parties in the ancient Americas, and were as ubiquitous and varied as the <span href="/wiki/Sandwich" title="Sandwich">sandwich</span> is today.<br /> <span name="Tamales_in_Latin_America" id="Tamales_in_Latin_America"></span><br /> <img src="http://www.mexgrocer.co.uk/images/P/maseca.jpg" alt="Tamales" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Tamales in the Caribbean</b><br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican cuisine</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Pamonha" title="Pamonha">Pamonha</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Zongzi" title="Zongzi">Zongzi</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Lotus_leaf_wrap" title="Lotus leaf wrap">Lotus leaf wrap</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Pasteles" title="Pasteles">Pasteles</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Hallaca" title="Hallaca">Hallaca</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Corunda" title="Corunda">Corunda</span> mucoproteinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08273989713827724971noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5532606839544815785.post-86765133971772102782008-04-23T11:11:00.001-04:002008-04-23T11:11:17.033-04:00 <b></b><br /> The <b>Muscovy Company</b> (also called <b>Russian Company</b> or <b>Muscovy Trading Company</b>, <span href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</span>: <i>Московская компания</i>), was a <span href="/wiki/Trading_company" title="Trading company">trading company</span> chartered in <span href="/wiki/1555" title="1555">1555</span>. It was the first major <span href="/wiki/Chartered_companies" title="Chartered companies">English joint-stock trading company</span>, the precursor of the type of business that would soon flourish in <span href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</span>, and became closely associated with such famous names as <span href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Henry Hudson</span> and <span href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">William Baffin</span>. The Muscovy Company had a <span href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</span> on <span href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</span> between <span href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</span> and <span href="/wiki/Muscovy" title="Muscovy">Muscovy</span> until <span href="/wiki/1698" title="1698">1698</span> and it survived until the <span href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution of 1917</span>.<br /> <span name="History" id="History"></span><br /> <img src="http://history.wisc.edu/sommerville/361/images/wiloughbyH.jpg" alt="Muscovy Company" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b> History</b><br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Eastland_Company" title="Eastland Company">Eastland Company</span> mucoproteinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08273989713827724971noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5532606839544815785.post-7903963399390448972008-04-22T12:39:00.001-04:002008-04-22T12:39:58.390-04:00<img src="http://www.osbornepaving.com/proj_moore_tmb.jpg" alt="Florence Moore" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>Florence Moore</b> (1886 - <span href="/wiki/March_23" title="March 23">March 23</span>, <span href="/wiki/1935" title="1935">1935</span>) was an <span href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</span> <span href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</span>, <span href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</span> performer, and actress in <span href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent films</span>.<br /> Born in <span href="/wiki/Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</span>, Moore began singing in the choir of St. Clement's Protestant Episcopal Church at the age of 13. She began touring with the stock company of her brother Frank Moore. Florence got her first opportunity in <span href="/wiki/Moscow%2C_Idaho" title="Moscow, Idaho">Moscow, Idaho</span>, when a male member of the cast failed to appear. Thereafter she was a regular with the company, playing the role of a Chinese without pay.<br /> Her first Broadway appearance came in 1912, as Clorinda Scribblem in <i>Hanky Panky</i>. During the next twenty years she participated in numerous productions. As a comedian she performed in musical comedies, revues on Broadway, and headlined as a vaudeville actress while touring America. Together with William Montgomery, her first husband, Miss Moore was part of a popular vaudeville team. She divorced Montgomery and married John O. Kerner. Later she was separated from Kerner.<br /> To theatregoers in <span href="/wiki/New_York%2C_New_York" title="New York, New York">New York, New York</span> Florence is perhaps best known for her performance in <i>Parlor, Bedroom and Bath</i>. The production debuted in New York and played for two years on the road. Her final appearance on the New York stage came in 1932, in a revival of <i>Cradle Snatchers</i>. She starred in the role of Mary Boland which had been created seven years earlier.<br /> As a motion picture actress Moore had a brief career. Films in which she appeared are <i>The Old Melody</i> (1913) opposite <span href="/wiki/King_Baggot" title="King Baggot">King Baggot</span>, <i>The Weakness of Strength</i> (1916), and <i>The Secret of Eve</i> (1917) opposite <span href="/wiki/Olga_Petrova" title="Olga Petrova">Olga Petrova</span>. She belonged to the <span href="/wiki/Actor%27s_Equity_Association" title="Actor's Equity Association">Actor's Equity Association</span> and the Twelfth Night Club.<br /> Florence Moore died in the Fitzgerald Mercy Hospital in <span href="/wiki/Darby%2C_Pennsylvania" title="Darby, Pennsylvania">Darby, Pennsylvania</span> in 1935. Death followed an operation for <span href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</span>. She was 49 years of age.<br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> mucoproteinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08273989713827724971noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5532606839544815785.post-77857914037163412272008-04-21T13:24:00.001-04:002008-04-21T13:24:10.532-04:00 <b></b><br /> <span href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">France Politics</span> <span href="/wiki/Parliament_of_France" title="Parliament of France">French Parliament</span> <span href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">French Government</span> <span href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">French President</span> <span href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_France" title="List of political parties in France">Political parties</span> <span href="/wiki/Elections_in_France" title="Elections in France">Elections</span><br /> The <b>French Communist Party</b> (<span href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</span>: <i>Parti communiste français</i> or <i>PCF</i>) is a political party in <span href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</span> which advocates the principles of <span href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</span>. Although its electoral support has greatly declined since 1980, it remains the largest party in France advocating communist views, and retains a large membership (behind only the <span href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">UMP</span> and the <span href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_%28France%29" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</span>) and considerable influence in French politics. It is a member of the <span href="/wiki/European_Left" title="European Left">European Left</span> group. Since its participation in <span href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</span>'s government, however, it is sometimes considered by the far left as a <span href="/wiki/Social-democratic" title="Social-democratic">social-democratic</span> party, especially since <span href="/wiki/Robert_Hue" title="Robert Hue">Robert Hue</span>'s "mutation". It supports <span href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">alter-globalization</span> movements although it may sometimes also criticize them (in particular their alleged lack of organization). Following the low score obtained at the <span href="/wiki/French_legislative_election%2C_2007" title="French legislative election, 2007">legislative election of 2007</span>, the party was not able, for the first time during the <span href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</span>, to gain the minimum level of 20 deputies in order to form a parliamentary group by itself. Henceforth, the PCF allied itself with the <span href="/wiki/Greens_%28France%29" title="Greens (France)">Greens</span> and other left-wing MP's to be able to form a parliamentary group to the left of the <span href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_%28France%29" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist Party</span>, called <i><span href="/wiki/Gauche_d%C3%A9mocrate_et_r%C3%A9publicaine" title="Gauche démocrate et républicaine">Gauche démocrate et républicaine</span></i> (Democratic and Republican Left).<br /> <span name="History" id="History"></span><br /> <b> History</b><br /> The PCF was founded in <span href="/wiki/1920" title="1920">1920</span> by those in the <span href="/wiki/Section_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_l%27Internationale_Ouvri%C3%A8re" title="Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière">French Section of the Workers' International</span> (SFIO) who supported the <span href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution" title="Bolshevik Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</span> in <span href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</span> and opposed the <span href="/wiki/First_World_War" title="First World War">First World War</span>. Tensions within the Socialist Party had emerged in <span href="/wiki/1914" title="1914">1914</span> with the start of the First World War, which saw the majority of the SFIO take what left-wing socialists called a "<span href="/wiki/Social-chauvinist" title="Social-chauvinist">social-chauvinist</span>" line in support of the French war effort. At the <span href="/wiki/Tours_congress" title="Tours congress">Tours congress</span> of the SFIO in <span href="/wiki/1920" title="1920">1920</span>, the left-wing faction (<span href="/wiki/Boris_Souvarine" title="Boris Souvarine">Boris Souvarine</span>, <span href="/w/index.php?title=Fernand_Loriot&action=edit" class="new" title="Fernand Loriot">Fernand Loriot</span>) and the center faction (<span href="/wiki/Ludovic_Frossard" title="Ludovic Frossard">Ludovic Frossard</span>, <span href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Cachin&action=edit" class="new" title="Marcel Cachin">Marcel Cachin</span>) had accepted to join the <span href="/wiki/Third_International" title="Third International">Third International</span>, obtained 3/4 of the votes and split away to form the SFIC (<i>Section Française de l'Internationale Communiste</i>). They took with themselves the party paper <i><span href="/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9" title="L'Humanité">L'Humanité</span></i>, founded by <span href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</span> in 1904, with them, which remained tied to the party until the 1990s. The newly created party, later renamed <i>Parti Communiste Français</i> (PCF), was three times larger than the SFIO (120 000 members). <span href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</span>, who would create the <span href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</span> in 1941 and then declare the independence of <span href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</span>, was one of the founding members.<br /> <span name="The_1920s_and_early_1930s" id="The_1920s_and_early_1930s"></span><br /> <b> Foundation</b><br /> <i>Further information: <span href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</span>, <span href="/wiki/France_in_the_twentieth_century" title="France in the twentieth century">France in the twentieth century</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Cartel_des_gauches" title="Cartel des gauches">Cartel des gauches</span></i><br /> Although at first the PCF rivalled the SFIO for leadership of the French socialist movement, but many members were expelled from the party (including <span href="/wiki/Boris_Souvarine" title="Boris Souvarine">Boris Souvarine</span>), and within a few years its support declined, and for most of the 1920s it was a small and isolated party. Its first elected deputies were opposed to the <i><span href="/wiki/Cartel_des_gauches" title="Cartel des gauches">Cartel des gauches</span></i> ("Left-wing coalition") formed by the SFIO and the <span href="/wiki/Radical-Socialist_Party_%28France%29" title="Radical-Socialist Party (France)">Radical-Socialists</span>. The first Cartel governed from 1924 to 1926.<br /> The Communist Party attracted various <span href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectuals</span> and <span href="/wiki/French_art_of_the_20th_century" title="French art of the 20th century">artists in the 1920s</span>, including <span href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</span>, the leader of the <span href="/wiki/Surrealist" title="Surrealist">surrealist</span> movement, <span href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Henri Lefebvre</span> (who would be expelled in 1958), <span href="/wiki/Paul_Eluard" title="Paul Eluard">Paul Eluard</span>, <span href="/wiki/Louis_Aragon" title="Louis Aragon">Louis Aragon</span>, etc.<br /> In the late 1920s the policies of the <span href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</span> under <span href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</span>, under which the PCF denounced the SFIO as "<span href="/wiki/Social_fascists" title="Social fascists">social fascists</span>" and refused any co-operation, kept the left weak and divided. Like all Comintern parties, the PCF underwent a process of "Stalinisation" in which a <span href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">pro-Stalin</span> leadership under <span href="/wiki/Maurice_Thorez" title="Maurice Thorez">Maurice Thorez</span> was installed in <span href="/wiki/1930" title="1930">1930</span> and all internal dissent banned.<br /> The PCF was the main organizator of a counter-exhibition to the <span href="/wiki/1931_Colonial_Exhibition_in_Paris" title="1931 Colonial Exhibition in Paris">1931 Colonial Exhibition in Paris</span>, called "The Truth on the Colonies". In the first section, it recalled <span href="/wiki/Albert_Londres" title="Albert Londres">Albert Londres</span> and <span href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</span>'s critics of <span href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</span> in the colonies and others crimes of the <span href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</span> period; in the second section, it opposed "<span href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialist</span> <span href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</span>" to "the Soviets' policy on nationalities".<br /> The second <i><span href="/wiki/Cartel_des_gauches" title="Cartel des gauches">Cartel des gauches</span></i> was elected in 1932. This time, although the PCF did not take part in the coalition, it did support the government without participating in it (<i>soutien sans participation</i>), in the same way that before <span href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</span> (1914-18) the socialists had supported the <span href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicans</span> and the Radicals' governments without participating. This second Cartel fell following the far-right <span href="/wiki/6_February_1934_riots" title="6 February 1934 riots">6 February 1934 riots</span>, which forced president of the Council <span href="/wiki/Edouard_Daladier" title="Edouard Daladier">Edouard Daladier</span> to pass on the power to conservative <span href="/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Gaston Doumergue</span>. Following this crisis, the PCF, as the whole of the socialist movement, feared that a fascist conspiracy had almost succeeded. Furthermore, <span href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</span>'s access to power in 1933 and the destruction of the <span href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</span> (KPD) following the <span href="/wiki/February_27" title="February 27">27 February</span> <span href="/wiki/1933" title="1933">1933</span> <span href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag fire</span> and Stalin's new "popular front" policy led the PCF to get closer to the SFIO. Thus, the <span href="/wiki/Popular_Front_%28France%29" title="Popular Front (France)">Popular Front</span> was prepared, and got elected in 1936.<br /> The <span href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</span> and the following <span href="/wiki/Great_Depression_of_1929" title="Great Depression of 1929">Great Depression</span>, which affected France in 1931, caused much anxiety and disturbance, as in other countries. As <span href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</span> failed, new solutions were being looked for. The <span href="/wiki/Technocracy_%28bureaucratic%29" title="Technocracy (bureaucratic)">technocracy</span> ideas were born during this time (<i><span href="/wiki/Groupe_X-Crise" title="Groupe X-Crise">Groupe X-Crise</span></i>), as well as <span href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">autarky</span> and <span href="/wiki/Corporativism" title="Corporativism">corporativism</span> in the <span href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</span> movement, which advocated union of workers' and employers. Some socialist members became attracted to these new ideas, among whom <span href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Jacques Doriot</span>. A member of the <span href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Executive_Committee_of_the_Comintern&action=edit" class="new" title="Presidium of the Executive Committee of the Comintern">Presidium of the Executive Committee of the Comintern</span> from 1922 on, and from 1923 on Secretary of the French Federation of Young Communists, later elected to the French <span href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies" title="Chamber of Deputies">Chamber of Deputies</span>, he came to advocate an alliance between the Communists and <span href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascists</span> with whom Doriot sympathized on a number of issues. Doriot was then expelled in 1934, and with his followers, he soon formed the <i><span href="/wiki/Parti_Populaire_Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Parti Populaire Français">Parti Populaire Français</span></i>, which would be one of the most <span href="/wiki/Collaborationist" title="Collaborationist">collaborationist</span> party during <span href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy</span>.<br /> <span name="The_Popular_Front" id="The_Popular_Front"></span><br /> <b> The 1920s and early 1930s</b><br /> <br /> <div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <span href="/wiki/Popular_Front_%28France%29" title="Popular Front (France)">Popular Front (France)</span></i> <b> The Popular Front</b><br /> <i>Further information: <span href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</span>  and <span href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</span></i><br /> After the signing of the <span href="/wiki/Molotov-Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact</span> and the outbreak of <span href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</span> in <span href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</span>, the PCF was declared a proscribed organisation by <span href="/wiki/Edouard_Daladier" title="Edouard Daladier">Edouard Daladier</span>'s government. The PCF pursued an anti-war course during the early part of the <span href="/wiki/Second_World_War" title="Second World War">Second World War</span>. Thorez deserted from the French Army and fled to the Soviet Union. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, the PCF was the first to organize the <span href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">Resistance</span>, which was easier for it since it had been used to <span href="/wiki/Clandestinity" title="Clandestinity">clandestinity</span>. It thus regained credibility as an anti-fascist force. By <span href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</span> the PCF had reached the height of its influence, controlling large areas of the country through the Resistance units under its command. Some in the PCF wanted to launch a revolution as the Germans withdrew from the country, but the leadership, acting on Stalin's instructions, opposed this and adopted a policy of co-operating with the Allied powers and advocating a new Popular Front government. Many well-known figures joined the party during the war, including <span href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</span>, who joined the PCF in <span href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</span>.<br /> <span name="Fourth_Republic_.281947-58.29" id="Fourth_Republic_.281947-58.29"></span><br /> <img src="http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/3/3c/300px-French-communist-party-hq.jpg" alt="French Communist Party" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b> World War II</b><br /> <i>Further information: <span href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">French Fourth Republic</span>  and <span href="/wiki/France_in_the_twentieth_century" title="France in the twentieth century">France in the twentieth century</span></i><br /> The Communists had done particularly well from their war-time efforts in the <span href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">Resistance</span>, in terms of both organisation and prestige. With the liberation of France in <span href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</span>, the PCF, along with other resistance groups, entered the government of <span href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</span>. <span href="/wiki/History_of_Italy_as_a_Republic" title="History of Italy as a Republic">As in Italy</span>, the communists were at that time very popular and a strong political force.<br /> By the close of 1945 party membership stood at half a million, a remarkable transformation when one considers that on the eve of the pre-War Popular Front it stood at well under under thirty thousand. This surge in membership when combined with the party's strong electoral showing in the Assembly elections of November 1946 led some, including <span href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</span>, the American Under-Secretary of State, to believe that a Communist takeover was imminent. Nicknamed the "party of the 75 000 executed people" (<i>le parti des 75 000 fusillés</i>) because of its important role during the Resistance, it was the first party in votes, ahead the <span href="/wiki/SFIO" title="SFIO">SFIO</span> and the Christian-democrat <span href="/wiki/People%27s_Republican_Movement" title="People's Republican Movement">People's Republican Movement</span> (MRP).<br /> In the elections of <span href="/wiki/October_21" title="October 21">21 October</span> <span href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</span> for the then unicameral interim <span href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_National_Assembly&action=edit" class="new" title="Constitutional National Assembly">Constitutional National Assembly</span>, the RCF had 159 deputies elected out of 586 seats (that is, almost 30%). Two subsequent elections in 1946, first still for the Constitutional National Assembly, then for the National Assembly of the new <span href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</span> – now the lower house of a bicameral system – gave very similar results. However, as in <span href="/wiki/History_of_Italy_as_a_Republic" title="History of Italy as a Republic">Italy</span>, the PCF was forced to quit <span href="/wiki/Paul_Ramadier" title="Paul Ramadier">Paul Ramadier</span>'s government in May 1947 in order to secure <span href="/wiki/Marshall_Aid" title="Marshall Aid">Marshall Aid</span> from the <span href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</span>.<br /> This certainly made France's financial position better in the long run, but it created immediate political problems. The <span href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</span> (PCI) was never to return to power, despite the <span href="/wiki/Historic_compromise" title="Historic compromise">historic compromise</span> attempt in the 1970s, and the PCF was also isolated until <span href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</span>'s electoral victory in 1981. A strong political force, the PCF nevertheless remained isolated due to persistent <span href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</span>. It thus began to pursue a more militant policy, alienating it from the <span href="/wiki/SFIO" title="SFIO">SFIO</span> and allowing the right-wing parties to stay in power.<br /> The PCF, no longer restrained by the responsiblities of office, was free to channel the widespread discontent among the working class with the poor economic performance of the new Fourth Republic. Furthermore, the Party was under orders from Moscow to take a more radical course, reminiscent of the <span href="/wiki/Third_Period" title="Third Period">Third Period</span> policy once pursued by the <span href="/wiki/Comintern" title="Comintern">Comintern</span>. In September 1947 several European Communist parties came to a meeting at Szlarska-Proeba in Poland, where a new international agency, the <span href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</span>, was set up. During this meeting <span href="/wiki/Andrei_Zhdanov" title="Andrei Zhdanov">Andrei Zhdanov</span>, standing in for <span href="/wiki/Stalin" title="Stalin">Stalin</span>, denounced the 'moderation' of the French Communists, even though this policy had been previously approved by Moscow.<br /> Out of government, and newly instructed, the PCF denounced the administration as the tool of American capitalism. Following the arrest of some steel workers in Marseille in November, the <span href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_du_Travail" title="Confédération Générale du Travail">CGT</span>, the Communist dominated Trade Union block, called a strike, as PCF activists attacked the town hall and other 'bourgeoise' targets in the city. When the protests spread to Paris, and as many as 3 million workers came out on strike, Ramadier resigned, fearing that he faced a general insurrection. This is probably the closest France came to a Communist take-over.<br /> This development was prevented by the determination of <span href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</span>, the new Prime Minister, and <span href="/wiki/Jules_Moch" title="Jules Moch">Jules Moch</span>, his Minister of the Interior. It was also prevented by a growing sense of disquiet among sections of the labour movement with Communist tactics, which included the derailment in early December of the Paris-Tourcoing Express, which left twenty-one people dead. Sensing a change of mood, the CGT leadership backed down and called off the strikes. From this point forward the PCF moved into permanent opposition and political isolation, a large but impotent presence on the political map of France.<br /> During the 1950s, the PCF critically supported French imperialism during the <span href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">Indochina War</span> (1947-54) and the <span href="/wiki/Algerian_War_of_Independence" title="Algerian War of Independence">Algerian War</span> (1954-62), although many French communists also worked against <span href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</span>. Thus <span href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</span>, a "comrade" of the Communist party, actively supported the <span href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_%28Algeria%29" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">National Liberation Front</span> (FLN) (the <span href="/wiki/Jeanson_network" title="Jeanson network"><i>porteurs de valises</i> networks</span>, in which <span href="/wiki/Henri_Curiel" title="Henri Curiel">Henri Curiel</span> took part). Long debates took place on the role of <span href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</span>. While this stance by the PCF may have helped it retain widespread popularity in metropolitan France, it lost it credibility on the radical left. During his scholarship to study radio engineering in Paris (from 1949 to 1953), <span href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</span>, like many other colonial elites educated in France (<span href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</span> in 1920), joined the French Communist Party.<br /> The second half of the 1950s was also marked by some dissatisfaction with the pro-Moscow line continuously pursued by party leaders. However, no definitive <span href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">eurocommunist</span> aspirations developed at the time. A major split occurred as <span href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoists</span> left during the late 1950s. Some moderate communist intellectuals, such as historian <span href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Le_Roy_Ladurie" title="Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie">Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie</span>, disillusioned with the actual policies of the <span href="/wiki/USSR" title="USSR">USSR</span>, left the party after the violent suppression of <span href="/wiki/1956_Hungarian_Revolution" title="1956 Hungarian Revolution">1956 Hungarian Revolution</span>.<br /> <span name="The_1960s_and_.2770s" id="The_1960s_and_.2770s"></span><br /> <b> Fourth Republic (1947-58)</b><br /> <i>Further information: <span href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">French Fifth Republic</span>  and <span href="/wiki/France_in_the_twentieth_century" title="France in the twentieth century">France in the twentieth century</span></i><br /> In 1958, the PCF was the only big party which opposed <span href="/wiki/De_Gaulle" title="De Gaulle">De Gaulle</span>'s return to power and the <span href="/wiki/Fifth_Republic" title="Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</span>. Little by little, it was joined in opposition by the center and center-left parties. It advocated left-wing union against De Gaulle. <span href="/wiki/Waldeck_Rochet" title="Waldeck Rochet">Waldeck Rochet</span> became PCF leader after Thorez's death in 1964.<br /> In the mid 1960s the <span href="/wiki/U.S._State_Department" title="U.S. State Department">U.S. State Department</span> estimated the party membership to be approximately 260 000 (0.9% of the working age population of France). it began to follow a line closer to that of the <span href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</span>'s <span href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">eurocommunism</span>. However, this was only a relative change of direction, as the PCF globally remained loyal to Moscow, and in 1979, <span href="/wiki/Georges_Marchais" title="Georges Marchais">Georges Marchais</span> supported the <span href="/wiki/Soviet_war_in_Afghanistan" title="Soviet war in Afghanistan">invasion of Afghanistan</span>. Its assessment of the Soviet and East-European Communist governments was "fairly positive".<br /> Marchais was a candidate in the <span href="/wiki/French_presidential_election%2C_1981" title="French presidential election, 1981">1981 presidential election</span>. During the campaign, he criticized the "turn to the right" of the PS. But some Communist voters, wanting the left-wing union in order to win after 23 years in opposition, chose Mitterrand. The PS leader obtained 25% against 15% for Marchais. For the second round, the PCF called on its supporters to vote for Mitterrand, who was elected <span href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</span>.<br /> <span name="Decline" id="Decline"></span><br /> <b> The 1960s and '70s</b><br /> <i>Further information: <span href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">French Fifth Republic</span>  and  <span href="/wiki/France_in_the_twentieth_century" title="France in the twentieth century">France in the twentieth century</span></i><br /> Under <span href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">Mitterrand</span> the PCF held ministerial office for the first time since <span href="/wiki/1947" title="1947">1947</span>, but this had the effect of locking the PCF into Mitterrand's reformist agenda, and the PCF's more moderate supporters drained away to the PS.<br /> When the PCF ministers resigned in 1984 to protest the change of economic policy, the party's electoral decline accelerated. <span href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lajoinie" title="André Lajoinie">André Lajoinie</span> obtained only 6.7% in the <span href="/wiki/French_presidential_election%2C_1988" title="French presidential election, 1988">1988 presidential election</span>. From 1988 to 1993, the PCF supported the Socialist governments at various times, depending on the issues.<br /> The <span href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Fall of the Soviet Union">fall of the Soviet Union</span> in <span href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</span> led to a crisis in the PCF, but it did not follow the example of some other European communist parties by dissolving itself or changing its name. In <span href="/wiki/1994" title="1994">1994</span> Marchais retired and was succeeded by <span href="/wiki/Robert_Hue" title="Robert Hue">Robert Hue</span>. Under Hue the party embarked on a process called <i>la mutation</i>. <i>La mutation</i>, which included the thorough reorganization of party structure and move away from Leninist dogmas, was intended to revitalize the stagnant left and attract non-affiliated leftists to join the party. But in effect it only resulted in increasing the pace of the decline of the party. Under <span href="/wiki/Lionel_Jospin" title="Lionel Jospin">Lionel Jospin</span>, the PCF again held ministerial offices from <span href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</span> to <span href="/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</span> (<span href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Gayssot" title="Jean-Claude Gayssot">Jean-Claude Gayssot</span> as <span href="/wiki/Minister_of_Transportation_%28France%29" title="Minister of Transportation (France)">Minister of Transportation</span>, etc.). The party became riddled with internal conflict, as many sectors opposed <i>la mutation</i> and the policy of co-governing with the Socialists.<br /> Hue received only 3.4% of the vote in the <span href="/wiki/French_presidential_election%2C_2002" title="French presidential election, 2002">2002 presidential elections</span>. For the first time, the PCF candidate obtained fewer votes than the Trotskyist representatives (<span href="/wiki/Arlette_Laguiller" title="Arlette Laguiller">Arlette Laguiller</span> and <span href="/wiki/Olivier_Besancenot" title="Olivier Besancenot">Olivier Besancenot</span>). At the <span href="/wiki/French_legislative_election%2C_2002" title="French legislative election, 2002">2002 legislative elections</span>, the PCF came in fourth, polling 4.8% of the vote (the same as the center-right <span href="/wiki/Union_for_French_Democracy" title="Union for French Democracy">UDF</span>) and won 21 seats (out of 567). Chirac's UMP came in first, followed by the Socialist Party, the National Front, UDF, PCF, the Greens, and then the Trotskyist <span href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_League_%28France%29" title="Revolutionary Communist League (France)">Revolutionary Communist League</span> (LCR) and <span href="/wiki/Lutte_Ouvri%C3%A8re" title="Lutte Ouvrière">Lutte Ouvrière</span>. Eventually Robert Hue had to resign, and in <span href="/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</span> <span href="/wiki/Marie-George_Buffet" title="Marie-George Buffet">Marie-George Buffet</span> took over the leadership of the party. Under Buffet the party embarked on a process of reconstruction, reversing some of the moves made during <i>la mutation</i>.<br /> On the proposed European constitution, French communists fought for 'No' alongside extreme left-wing groups, half of the Socialist Party, the <span href="/wiki/Greens_%28France%29" title="Greens (France)">Greens</span>, and right wing <span href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">eurosceptics</span>. The victory of the 'No' in the <span href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</span> French plebiscite on the <span href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe" title="Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe">Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe</span> (TCE), along with the campaign against the <span href="/wiki/Bolkestein_directive" title="Bolkestein directive">Bolkestein directive</span>, served as a major boost for the party. During the referendum campaign the party was revitalized, with a resurgence of the work in the party cells. The PCF retains some strength in the <span href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</span> suburbs, in the industrial areas around <span href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</span>, and in some areas of the south such as <span href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</span>.<br /> In 2005, the labour conflict at the <span href="/wiki/SNCM" title="SNCM">SNCM</span> in <span href="/wiki/Marseilles" title="Marseilles">Marseilles</span>, then the <span href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">4 October</span> <span href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</span> demonstration against the <span href="/wiki/New_Employment_Contract" title="New Employment Contract">New Employment Contract</span> (CNE) marked the opposition to <span href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Dominique de Villepin</span>'s right-wing government, who shared his authority with <span href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</span> as Ministry of Interior, leader of the <span href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">UMP</span> right-wing party and already then a probable 2007 presidential candidate. <span href="/wiki/Marie-George_Buffet" title="Marie-George Buffet">Marie-George Buffet</span> also heavily criticized the government's response to the <span href="/wiki/2005_civil_unrest_in_France" title="2005 civil unrest in France">riots in autumn</span>, speaking of a deliberate "<span href="/wiki/Strategy_of_tension" title="Strategy of tension">strategy of tension</span>" employed by Sarkozy who called youth from the <span href="/wiki/Housing_projects" title="Housing projects">housing projects</span> "scum" (<i>racaille</i>) which needed to be cleaned up with a "<span href="/wiki/K%C3%A4rcher" title="Kärcher">Kärcher</span>" high pressure hose. While most of the Socialist deputies voted for the declaration of a <span href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</span> during the riots, which lasted until January 2006, the PCF, along with the <span href="/wiki/Greens_%28France%29" title="Greens (France)">Greens</span>, opposed it.<br /> 2006 was marked by the <span href="/wiki/2006_labor_protests_in_France" title="2006 labor protests in France">protests against the First Employment Contract</span>, which finally forced president Chirac to scrap plans for the controversial law aimed at creating a more flexible <span href="/wiki/Labour_and_employment_law" title="Labour and employment law">labour law</span>.<br /> In the run-up to the first round of the <span href="/wiki/French_presidential_election%2C_2007" title="French presidential election, 2007">2007 presidential election</span>, Buffet hoped that her candidacy would be supported by the left-wing groups who had participated in the "No" campaign in the referendum on the EU constitution. This support was not forthcoming and she scored only 1.94%, even less than Robert Hue's 3.4% in the previous presidential election. The PCF's score was low even in its traditional strongholds such as the "red belt" around Paris. The disastrously low vote means that the PCF has not met the 5% threshold for reimbursement of its campaign expenses, and could portend a similarly low vote in the next general election. However, the party had prepared for this eventuality, and thus kept its expenses low for the presidential campaign. However, its very low score at the <span href="/wiki/French_parliamentary_election%2C_2007" title="French parliamentary election, 2007">subsequent legislative elections</span> did weigh a lot on its budget .<br /> One possible reason for this particularly low vote is that some PCF supporters voted tactically for Ségolène Royal so as to be sure that a candidate from the left would be present in the second round runoff. Another factor seems to have been competition from the young and charismatic candidate, <span href="/wiki/Olivier_Besancenot" title="Olivier Besancenot">Olivier Besancenot</span>, of the LCR (<span href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_League" title="Revolutionary Communist League">Revolutionary Communist League</span>).<br /> Following the low score obtained at the <span href="/wiki/French_legislative_election%2C_2007" title="French legislative election, 2007">legislative election of 2007</span>, the party was not able, for the first time during the <span href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</span>, to gain the minimum level of 20 MP's in order to form a parliamentary group by itself. Henceforth, the PCF allied itself with the <span href="/wiki/Greens_%28France%29" title="Greens (France)">Greens</span> and other left-wing MP's to be able to form a parliamentary group to the left of the <span href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_%28France%29" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist Party</span>, called <i><span href="/wiki/Gauche_d%C3%A9mocrate_et_r%C3%A9publicaine" title="Gauche démocrate et républicaine">Gauche démocrate et républicaine</span></i> (Democratic and Republican Left). Although the PCF and the Greens agree on a number of issues, especially on economic and social policies (consensus on the necessity to support lower classes, <span href="/wiki/Right_of_foreigners_to_vote" title="Right of foreigners to vote">right of foreigners to vote</span> at municipal elections, regularization of aliens, etc.), but also on others themes (by contrast with the Socialist Party, both refused to vote the <span href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</span> during the <span href="/wiki/2005_civil_unrest_in_France" title="2005 civil unrest in France">2005 civil unrest</span>), they also distinguished themselves on a number of others issues, the first of those being the theme of <span href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_France" title="Nuclear power in France">nuclear energy</span>.<br /> <span name="Publications" id="Publications"></span><br /> mucoproteinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08273989713827724971noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5532606839544815785.post-41866733111473829312008-04-20T12:24:00.001-04:002008-04-20T12:24:33.298-04:00<img src="http://www.naszradziszow.com/pl/straz/09a.jpg" alt="Jacek Krupa" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>Jacek Krupa</b> (born <span href="/wiki/April_11" title="April 11">April 11</span>, <span href="/wiki/1955" title="1955">1955</span> in <span href="/wiki/Skawina" title="Skawina">Skawina</span>) is a <span href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</span> politician. He was elected to <span href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</span> on <span href="/wiki/September_25" title="September 25">September 25</span>, <span href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</span> getting 6860 votes in 13 <span href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</span> district, candidating from <span href="/wiki/Platforma_Obywatelska" title="Platforma Obywatelska">Platforma Obywatelska</span> list.<br /> <span name="See_also" id="See_also"></span><br /> mucoproteinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08273989713827724971noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5532606839544815785.post-60598382823040154042008-04-19T13:03:00.001-04:002008-04-19T13:03:07.234-04:00<img src="http://cache.eb.com/eb/image%3Fid%3D685%26rendTypeId%3D4" alt="Resort town" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> A <b>resort town</b>, sometimes called a <b>resort destination</b>, is a town or area where <span href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</span> or vacationing is a primary component of the local <span href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</span> and <span href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</span>. Most resort towns have one or more actual <span href="/wiki/Resorts" title="Resorts">resorts</span> in or nearby, although some places are considered resort towns merely because of their popularity among tourists.<br /> Typically, the economy of a resort town is geared almost entirely towards catering to tourists, with most residents of the area working in the tourism or resort industry. Shops and luxury boutiques selling locally-themed souvenirs, motels, and unique restaurants often proliferate the downtown areas of a resort town.<br /> <span name="Resort_town_economy" id="Resort_town_economy"></span><br /> <b> Resort town economy</b><br /> <span name="Asia" id="Asia"></span><br /> <b> Examples of resort towns</b><br /> <span name="Middle_East" id="Middle_East"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Matheran" title="Matheran">Matheran</span>, <span href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Panglao" title="Panglao">Panglao</span>, <span href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</span> <b> Asia</b><br /> <span name="North_America" id="North_America"></span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Dahab%2C_Egypt&action=edit" class="new" title="Dahab, Egypt">Dahab, Egypt</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Eilat" title="Eilat">Eilat</span>, <span href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</span> <b> Middle East</b><br /> <span name="Canada" id="Canada"></span><br /> <b> North America</b><br /> <span name="Mexico" id="Mexico"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Whistler%2C_British_Columbia" title="Whistler, British Columbia">Whistler, British Columbia</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Banff%2C_Alberta" title="Banff, Alberta">Banff, Alberta</span> <b> Canada</b><br /> <span name="United_States" id="United_States"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Cancun%2C_Quintana_Roo" title="Cancun, Quintana Roo">Cancun, Quintana Roo</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Los_Cabos%2C_Baja_California_Sur" title="Los Cabos, Baja California Sur">Los Cabos, Baja California Sur</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Puerto_Vallarta%2C_Jalisco" title="Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco">Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Rocky_Point%2C_Sonora" title="Rocky Point, Sonora">Rocky Point, Sonora</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Mazatlan%2C_Sinaloa" title="Mazatlan, Sinaloa">Mazatlan, Sinaloa</span> <b> Mexico</b><br /> <span name="Europe" id="Europe"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Vail%2C_Colorado" title="Vail, Colorado">Vail, Colorado</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Aspen%2C_Colorado" title="Aspen, Colorado">Aspen, Colorado</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Nahant%2C_Massachusetts" title="Nahant, Massachusetts">Nahant, Massachusetts</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Mackinaw_City%2C_Michigan" title="Mackinaw City, Michigan">Mackinaw City, Michigan</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Laughlin%2C_Nevada" title="Laughlin, Nevada">Laughlin, Nevada</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip" title="Las Vegas Strip">Las Vegas Strip</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Ocean_City%2C_New_Jersey" title="Ocean City, New Jersey">Ocean City, New Jersey</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Ruidoso%2C_New_Mexico" title="Ruidoso, New Mexico">Ruidoso, New Mexico</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Myrtle_Beach%2C_South_Carolina" title="Myrtle Beach, South Carolina">Myrtle Beach, South Carolina</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Park_City%2C_Utah" title="Park City, Utah">Park City, Utah</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Saint_George%2C_Utah" title="Saint George, Utah">Saint George, Utah</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Jackson%2C_Wyoming" title="Jackson, Wyoming">Jackson, Wyoming</span> mucoproteinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08273989713827724971noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5532606839544815785.post-81444881297623253242008-04-18T11:11:00.001-04:002008-04-18T11:11:31.400-04:00<img src="http://mhanewsnow.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/dr_bastian.jpg" alt="Pediatric endocrinology" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>Pediatric <span href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">endocrinology</span></b> (<span href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British</span>: Paediatric) is a medical subspecialty dealing with variations of physical <span href="/wiki/Growth" title="Growth">growth</span> and sexual development in childhood, as well as <span href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</span> and other disorders of the <span href="/wiki/Endocrine_gland" title="Endocrine gland">endocrine glands</span>.<br /> By age, pediatric endocrinologists care for patients from infancy to late adolescence.<br /> By disease, the most common disease of the specialty is <span href="/wiki/Type_1_diabetes" title="Type 1 diabetes">type 1 diabetes</span>, which usually accounts for at least 50% of a typical clinical practice. The next most common problem is growth disorders, especially those amenable to <span href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_treatment" title="Growth hormone treatment">growth hormone treatment</span>. Pediatric endocrinologists are usually the primary physicians involved in the medical care of infants and children with <span href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex</span> disorders. The specialty also deals with <span href="/wiki/Hypoglycemia" title="Hypoglycemia">hypoglycemia</span> and other forms of hyperglycemia in childhood, variations of <span href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</span>, as well other <span href="/wiki/Adrenal" title="Adrenal">adrenal</span>, <span href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">thyroid</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Pituitary" title="Pituitary">pituitary</span> problems. Many pediatric endocrinologists have interests and expertise in bone metabolism, lipid metabolism, adolescent gynecology, or inborn errors of metabolism.<br /> In the United States and Canada, pediatric endocrinology is a subspecialty of the American Board of Pediatrics, with board certification following fellowship training. It is a relatively small and primarily cognitive specialty, with few procedures and an emphasis on diagnostic evaluation.<br /> Most pediatric endocrinologists in North America and many from around the world can trace their professional genealogy to Lawson Wilkins, who pioneered the specialty in the pediatrics department of Johns Hopkins Medical School and the Harriet Lane Home in Baltimore in between the late 1940's and the mid-1960's.<br /> The principal North American professional association is named the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society <span href="http://www.lwpes.org" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.lwpes.org" rel="nofollow">[1]</span>. Other longstanding pediatric endocrine associations include the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology, the British Society for Paediatric Endocrinology, and the Japanese Society for Pediatric Endocrinology. Professional associations of the specialty continue to proliferate.<br /> Training for pediatric endocrinology consists of a 2-3 year fellowship following completion of a 3 year pediatrics residency. The fellowship, and the specialty, are heavily research-oriented and academically based, although less exclusively now than in past decades.<br /> <span name="Reference" id="Reference"></span><br /> mucoproteinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08273989713827724971noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5532606839544815785.post-31014735506312098252008-04-17T11:21:00.001-04:002008-04-17T11:21:24.041-04:00 <b></b><br /> <b>Malone RFC</b> is a <span href="/wiki/Rugby_Union" title="Rugby Union">Rugby Union</span> club based in Belfast, in Northern Ireland. It currently is in the Second Division of the <span href="/wiki/AIB_League" title="AIB League">All-Ireland League</span>. Malone players are jokingly nicknamed the Binmen. The club is affiliated with the <span href="/wiki/Ulster_Rugby" title="Ulster Rugby">Ulster Rugby</span> itself part of the <span href="/wiki/IRFU" title="IRFU">IRFU</span>. Annually, the mini rugby side of the club hosts an international tournament for under 12s.<br /> <span name="History" id="History"></span><br /> <img src="http://www.planet-rugby.com/Images/lookalike_ellis.jpg" alt="Malone RFC" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Honours</b><br /> Approximately 22 Malone players have played for Ireland, and 6 of those were British Lions.<br /> <span name="External_Links" id="External_Links"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Neil_Best" title="Neil Best">Neil Best</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Blair_Mayne" title="Blair Mayne">Blair Mayne</span>. mucoproteinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08273989713827724971noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5532606839544815785.post-63281367649053599642008-04-16T13:33:00.001-04:002008-04-16T13:33:51.334-04:00<img src="http://www.boatingsf.com/photos/020607/medium/pampanito-04.jpg" alt="San Francisco Naval Shipyard" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>Rice-A-Roni</b> is a product of <span href="/wiki/The_Quaker_Oats_Company" title="The Quaker Oats Company">The Quaker Oats Company</span>. It is a boxed food mix that consists of <span href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</span>, <span href="/wiki/Vermicelli" title="Vermicelli">vermicelli</span>, <span href="/wiki/Seasoning" title="Seasoning">seasonings</span>, and sometimes other ingredients.<br /> <span name="History" id="History"></span><br /> mucoproteinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08273989713827724971noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5532606839544815785.post-12248395749699437432008-04-15T11:55:00.001-04:002008-04-15T11:55:44.887-04:00<img src="http://www.andypryke.com/twiki/pub/Andypublic/BlogAugust2007/JohnHegley2.jpg" alt="John Hegley" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>John Hegley</b> (born <span href="/wiki/October_1" title="October 1">1 October</span> <span href="/wiki/1953" title="1953">1953</span>) is a popular <span href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</span> <span href="/wiki/Performance_poet" title="Performance poet">performance poet</span>, musician and songwriter whose poems and songs have appeared both in print and on the radio.<br /> <span name="Career" id="Career"></span><br /> <b> Books</b><br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> <i>Spare Pear</i> [sic]/<i>Mobile Home</i> (1984) Double A-sided single of Peel session recordings, with the Popticians<br /> <i>I Saw My Dinner On TV</i> (1986) Single with the Popticians<br /> <i><span href="/wiki/Saint_and_Blurry" title="Saint and Blurry">Saint and Blurry</span></i> (1993) Poems and music<br /> <i>Hearing with Hegley</i> (1996) BBC audio-cassette taken from the radio series of the same name<br /> <i>Family Favourites</i> (2006) Poems and music mucoproteinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08273989713827724971noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5532606839544815785.post-50389257668742208812008-04-14T13:10:00.000-04:002008-04-14T13:11:04.988-04:00 <b></b><br /> <b>Lobnitz Marine Holdings</b> is a British <span href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</span> company located at <span href="/wiki/Renfrew" title="Renfrew">Renfrew</span> in <span href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</span>. The company builds dredges, floating docks, fishing boats, tugs and workboats.<br /> The company is descended from <b>Lobnitz and Company, Limited</b>, who built small commercial and naval vessels during both <span href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</span> and <span href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</span>. Lobnitz built many vessels for the <span href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</span>, including several <span href="/wiki/Bangor_class_minesweeper" title="Bangor class minesweeper">Bangor class minesweepers</span>.<br /> The family at one time lived at <span href="/wiki/Chapeltoun" title="Chapeltoun">Chapeltoun</span> House in East Ayrshire. <span href="/wiki/Image:River_clyde_outline.png" class="image" title=""><img alt="" longdesc="/wiki/Image:River_clyde_outline.png" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/River_clyde_outline.png/700px-River_clyde_outline.png" width="700" height="377" /></span><br /> <img src="http://www.usmm.org/images/lobnitz.jpg" alt="Lobnitz" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> mucoproteinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08273989713827724971noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5532606839544815785.post-66504186640361079012008-04-13T13:27:00.001-04:002008-04-13T13:27:49.939-04:00<img src="http://selfserve1.download.videoegg.com/gid369/cid1174/4S/EF/1169917080gYMI5wWn2kF8YekTZeEN_thumbnail.jpg" alt="Dog sled" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> A <b>dog sled</b> is a <span href="/wiki/Sled" title="Sled">sled</span> pulled by one or more <span href="/wiki/Sled_dog" title="Sled dog">sled dogs</span> used to travel over <span href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</span> and through <span href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</span>. Numerous types of sleds are used, depending on their function.<br /> A basket sled has a bed raised several inches above the surface of the snow. This type of sled is used in <span href="/wiki/Dogsled_racing" title="Dogsled racing">dogsled racing</span>. Sprint sleds are often short-bodied basket sleds. A <span href="/wiki/Toboggan" title="Toboggan">toboggan</span> sled has a lower carriage and uses a closed bed, allowing the sled to slide or float over deep snow. Freight sleds, which are heavier and sturdier than sprint sleds, may be toboggan or basket sleds. Both of these types of sleds have runners which stick out behind the sled, on which the <span href="/wiki/Mushing" title="Mushing">musher</span> can stand. For brakes, older sleds relied on hooks attached to the sled with a rope, modern sleds usually include drag and claw brakes built into the sled.<br /> Dog power has been utilized for hunting and travel for hundreds of years. As far back as the tenth century these dogs have contributed to the culture of people. (Coppinger, L.) <span href="http://www.tworiversak.com/sleddoghx1.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.tworiversak.com/sleddoghx1.htm" rel="nofollow">[1]</span><br /> Today dog sled teams are put together with great care. Putting together a dog sled team involves putting together a team of leader dogs, point dogs, swing dogs, and wheel dogs. The lead dog is very treasured, and seldom will mushers let these dogs out of their sights. Indeed, trained lead dogs become part of the family household. Important too is to have powerful wheel dogs to pull the sled out from the snow. Point dogs (optional) are located behind the leader dogs, swing dogs between the point and wheel dogs, and team dogs are all other dogs in between the wheel and swing dogs and are selected for their endurance, strength and speed as part of the team. Alaskans take great pride in putting together a great team of musher dogs! View: <span href="http://www.tworiversak.com/stardancer_dogs.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.tworiversak.com/stardancer_dogs.htm" rel="nofollow">[2]</span> for an example of sled dog team building.<br /> A recent innovation in sled design was introduced in the <span href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</span> <span href="/wiki/Iditarod_Trail_Sled_Dog_Race" title="Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race">Iditarod</span> by <span href="/wiki/Jeff_King_%28mushing%29" title="Jeff King (mushing)">Jeff King</span>, who used a split sled for the race. This sled, the Tail Dragger, has a basket-style body with a freight-holding back end, and an open middle. The musher can sit on the back part or stand in the middle.<br /> The komatik is a traditional <span href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</span> sled, used in <span href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</span> and <span href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</span>, low-slung and on which the hunter or racer sits or lies down, facing forward. The runners do not stick out as in basket sleds.<br /> A pulk is a short, flat sled used in the <span href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</span> sport of <span href="/wiki/Pulka" title="Pulka">pulka</span>. The dog is hitched to the sled and the sled to the skier. The pulk is used to carry supplies or equipment, but not usually a person.<br /> The expedition led by the <span href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegian</span> explorer <span href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</span> used dog sleds when they reached the <span href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</span> before <span href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</span>'s party did.<br /> A dog sled race was included at the <span href="/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics" title="1932 Winter Olympics">1932 Winter Olympics</span> in <span href="/wiki/Lake_Placid%2C_New_York" title="Lake Placid, New York">Lake Placid, New York</span> as a demonstration event.<br /> <span name="Notes_and_references" id="Notes_and_references"></span><br /> mucoproteinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08273989713827724971noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5532606839544815785.post-59840704429992168072008-04-12T12:03:00.001-04:002008-04-12T12:03:12.502-04:00<img src="http://www.symmetrymagazine.org/images/200502/debunked.jpg" alt="Georges Charpak" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>Georges Charpak</b> (born <span href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</span>, <span href="/wiki/1924" title="1924">1924</span>) is a <span href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</span>-<span href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</span> <span href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</span> and Nobel Prize in Physics winner.<br /> Charpak was born in the village of Dąbrowica in <span href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</span> (modern Dubrovytsia, <span href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</span>) to a <span href="/wiki/Jew" title="Jew">Jewish</span> family of Polish/Ukrainian origin as Jerzy Charpak. Charpak's family moved from <span href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</span> to <span href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</span> when he was seven years old.<br /> During <span href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</span> Charpak served in the <span href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">resistance</span> and was imprisoned by <span href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy</span> authorities in <span href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</span>. In <span href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</span> he was deported to the <span href="/wiki/Nazis" title="Nazis">Nazi</span> <span href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camp</span> at <span href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</span>, where he remained until the camp was liberated in <span href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</span>. After graduating from Lycée de <span href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</span>, in <span href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</span> he joined the <span href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</span>-based <span href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_mines_de_Paris" title="École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris">École des Mines</span>, one of the most prestigious engineering schools in France. The following year he became a naturalized French citizen.<br /> He graduated and in <span href="/wiki/1948" title="1948">1948</span> he earned the <span href="/wiki/Bachelor" title="Bachelor">Bachelor</span>'s degree in <span href="/wiki/Mining_engineering" title="Mining engineering">mining engineering</span> and started working for the <span href="/wiki/Centre_national_de_la_recherche_scientifique" title="Centre national de la recherche scientifique">National Centre for Scientific Research</span> (CNRS). He received his doctorate in <span href="/wiki/1954" title="1954">1954</span> from <span href="/wiki/Nuclear_Physics" title="Nuclear Physics">Nuclear Physics</span> at the <span href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège de France</span>, Paris, where he worked in the laboratory of <span href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</span>. In <span href="/wiki/1959" title="1959">1959</span> he joined the staff of <span href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</span> (<span href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">European Organization for Nuclear Research</span>) in <span href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</span> and in <span href="/wiki/1984" title="1984">1984</span> also became Joliot-Curie professor at the School of Advanced Studies in Physics and Chemistry, Paris.<br /> He was made a member of the <span href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Science" title="French Academy of Science">French Academy of Science</span> in <span href="/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</span>. In <span href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</span>, he received the <span href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</span> "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the <span href="/wiki/Multiwire_proportional_chamber" title="Multiwire proportional chamber">multiwire proportional chamber</span>".<br /> In France, Charpak is a very strong advocate for <span href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</span>. Prof. Charpak is a member of the Board of Sponsors of The <span href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</span><span href="http://www.thebulletin.org" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.thebulletin.org" rel="nofollow">[1]</span>.<br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> mucoproteinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08273989713827724971noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5532606839544815785.post-5616767278350172322008-04-11T11:45:00.001-04:002008-04-11T11:45:59.481-04:00 <b></b><br /> The <b>A45</b> is a major <span href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">road</span> in <span href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</span>. It runs east from <span href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</span> past the <span href="/wiki/National_Exhibition_Centre" title="National Exhibition Centre">National Exhibition Centre</span> and the <span href="/wiki/M42_motorway" title="M42 motorway">M42</span>, then bypasses <span href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</span> and <span href="/wiki/Rugby%2C_Warwickshire" title="Rugby, Warwickshire">Rugby</span>, where it briefly merges with the <span href="/wiki/M45_motorway" title="M45 motorway">M45</span> until it continues to <span href="/wiki/Daventry" title="Daventry">Daventry</span>. It then heads to <span href="/wiki/Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</span> and <span href="/wiki/Wellingborough" title="Wellingborough">Wellingborough</span> before running north of <span href="/wiki/Rushden" title="Rushden">Rushden</span> and <span href="/wiki/Higham_Ferrers" title="Higham Ferrers">Higham Ferrers</span> and terminating at its junction with the <span href="/wiki/A14_road" title="A14 road">A14 road</span> near <span href="/wiki/Thrapston" title="Thrapston">Thrapston</span>.<br /> The road used to run to <span href="/wiki/Felixstowe" title="Felixstowe">Felixstowe</span> but most of the route was re-designated as the <span href="/wiki/A14_road" title="A14 road">A14</span> in the mid-1990s.<br /> <span name="Route" id="Route"></span><br /> <b> Birmingham to Coventry</b><br /> The former route of the A45 through Coventry exits at a junction as the A4114, in the part of Coventry called <span href="/wiki/Allesley" title="Allesley">Allesley</span>, the western end of the Coventry bypass. At the staggered junction with the B4101, there is the factory of <span href="/wiki/Massey_Ferguson" title="Massey Ferguson">Massey Ferguson</span>, now owned by <span href="/wiki/TRW" title="TRW">TRW</span>, and a <span href="/wiki/J_Sainsbury" title="J Sainsbury">Sainsburys</span> supermarket in Tile Hill. The road passes over the <span href="/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line" title="West Coast Main Line">West Coast Main Line</span>, then enters Canley near a roundabout which is the main exit for the <span href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</span>. There is a traffic-light junction with the <span href="/wiki/A429_road" title="A429 road">A429</span>, heading to <span href="/wiki/Kenilworth" title="Kenilworth">Kenilworth</span>. There is a roundabout with the B4113, then a GSJ with the <span href="/wiki/A46_road" title="A46 road">A46</span> and A45. This busy section has many <span href="/wiki/Speed_camera" title="Speed camera">speed cameras</span> and overlaps with the A46. The next roundabout near Tollbar End, called the Tollbar Island, is one of the busiest in the Midlands. It has exits for the A46 north/Coventry Eastern Bypass, <span href="/wiki/Coventry_Airport" title="Coventry Airport">Coventry Airport</span>, and B4110, the former route of the A45. There are plans to build a GSJ here - the A45 will go under the other roads.<br /> Where the road crosses the <span href="/wiki/River_Avon%2C_Warwickshire" title="River Avon, Warwickshire">River Avon</span>, the road re-enters <span href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</span>. The A423 exits to the south-east at a GSJ near the UK factory of <span href="/wiki/Peugeot" title="Peugeot">Peugeot</span>. The main road from <span href="/wiki/Warwick" title="Warwick">Warwick</span>, the A445, meets near <span href="/wiki/Ryton-on-Dunsmore" title="Ryton-on-Dunsmore">Ryton-on-Dunsmore</span> at traffic lights. This section has many speed cameras. Further east, there is a roundabout with the B4455, the <span href="/wiki/Fosse_Way" title="Fosse Way">Fosse Way</span>. There is a <span href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade separated junction</span> ("GSJ") with the main road for <span href="/wiki/Rugby%2C_Warwickshire" title="Rugby, Warwickshire">Rugby</span>, the A4071, and the B4453. There is a <span href="/wiki/Texaco" title="Texaco">Texaco</span> garage here. The next roundabout near <span href="/wiki/Thurlaston%2C_Warwickshire" title="Thurlaston, Warwickshire">Thurlaston</span> used to be very busy before 1972, when the <span href="/wiki/M6_motorway" title="M6 motorway">M6</span> opened. It is now the start of the <span href="/wiki/M45_motorway" title="M45 motorway">M45</span>. The former A45 passes through <span href="/wiki/Dunchurch" title="Dunchurch">Dunchurch</span> as the B4429. A junction was built on the M45 in 1991 to allow traffic to head south-east onto the A45, and to alleviate traffic congestion in Dunchurch.<br /> <span name="Dunchurch_to_M1_at_Northampton" id="Dunchurch_to_M1_at_Northampton"></span><br /> <b> Coventry to Dunchurch</b><br /> Heading towards <span href="/wiki/Daventry" title="Daventry">Daventry</span>, the road is fairly wide and single-carriageway. The road passes a <span href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prison</span> at <span href="http://www.hmprisonservice.gov.uk/prisoninformation/locateaprison/prison.asp?id=326,15,2,15,326,0" class="external text" title="http://www.hmprisonservice.gov.uk/prisoninformation/locateaprison/prison.asp?id=326,15,2,15,326,0" rel="nofollow">Rye Hill</span> and a <span href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Young_Offender_Institution" title="Her Majesty's Young Offender Institution">Young Offender Institution</span> next to it at <span href="http://www.hmprisonservice.gov.uk/prisoninformation/locateaprison/prison.asp?id=351,15,2,15,351,0" class="external text" title="http://www.hmprisonservice.gov.uk/prisoninformation/locateaprison/prison.asp?id=351,15,2,15,351,0" rel="nofollow">Onley</span>. After <span href="/wiki/Willoughby%2C_Warwickshire" title="Willoughby, Warwickshire">Willoughby</span>, the road enters <span href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</span>, where it crosses the <span href="/wiki/Oxford_Canal" title="Oxford Canal">Oxford Canal</span> and <span href="/wiki/Grand_Union_Canal" title="Grand Union Canal">Grand Union Canal</span> near <span href="/wiki/Braunston" title="Braunston">Braunston</span>. The <span href="/wiki/Jurassic_Way" title="Jurassic Way">Jurassic Way</span> crosses the road here. The road enters Daventry, home to large distribution centres for <span href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</span>, <span href="/wiki/Tesco" title="Tesco">Tesco</span> and <span href="/wiki/Diageo" title="Diageo">Diageo</span>. The road briefly runs concurrent with the <span href="/wiki/A425_road" title="A425 road">A425</span> heading to <span href="/wiki/Leamington_Spa" title="Leamington Spa">Leamington Spa</span>, then heads south-east on the Daventry bypass, called the <i>Stefen Way</i>. The road meets the B4038 at a roundabout where the A425 exits. The road heads west past <span href="/wiki/Dodford%2C_Northamptonshire" title="Dodford, Northamptonshire">Dodford</span> to <span href="/wiki/Weedon_Bec" title="Weedon Bec">Weedon Bec</span>, where it crosses the West Coast Main Line and Grand Union Canal, then meets the <span href="/wiki/A5_road" title="A5 road">A5</span> at traffic lights. The road passes through <span href="/wiki/Flore%2C_Northamptonshire" title="Flore, Northamptonshire">Flore</span>, then meets the <span href="/wiki/M1_motorway" title="M1 motorway">M1</span> at junction 16.<br /> <span name="Northampton_to_Thrapston" id="Northampton_to_Thrapston"></span><br /> <img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/A45_cov_july06.JPG/250px-A45_cov_july06.JPG" alt="A45 road" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Dunchurch to M1 at Northampton</b><br /> Until 2004, the route of the A45 headed east along the dual-carriageway from junction 16 towards Northampton, but now it has been diverted to follow the M1 south, then to join with the route of the <span href="/wiki/A508_road" title="A508 road">A508</span> north from junction 15, to join the main flow of traffic on the Northampton bypass. Although slightly longer this route involves fewer roundabouts. From the point as which it meets the old route at the A45/A508 GSJ, near <span href="http://www.northamptonhigh.northants.sch.uk" class="external text" title="http://www.northamptonhigh.northants.sch.uk" rel="nofollow">Northampton High School</span>, it crosses the <span href="/wiki/River_Nene" title="River Nene">River Nene</span> and <span href="http://www.ramblers.org.uk/info/paths/nene.html" class="external text" title="http://www.ramblers.org.uk/info/paths/nene.html" rel="nofollow">Nene Way</span>, then there is a large GSJ with the <span href="/wiki/A428_road" title="A428 road">A428</span>. This section is the Nene Valley Way, and overlaps with the <span href="/wiki/A43_road" title="A43 road">A43</span>, which exits at a GSJ near <span href="/wiki/Weston_Favell" title="Weston Favell">Weston Favell</span>. The GSJ with the A5076 is also the exit for <span href="/wiki/Billing_Aquadrome" title="Billing Aquadrome">Billing Aquadrome</span>.<br /> The former route of the A45 to Wellingborough is now the <span href="/wiki/A4500_road" title="A4500 road">A4500</span>. The road has a GSJ with the B573 near <span href="http://www.northamptonshire.co.uk/guides/earlsbarton" class="external text" title="http://www.northamptonshire.co.uk/guides/earlsbarton" rel="nofollow">Earls Barton</span>, which has a famous <span href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Saxon</span> church. The road meets the <span href="/wiki/Wellingborough" title="Wellingborough">Wellingborough</span> bypass (A509) at a roundabout. It runs concurrently with the A509 to the GSJ near the bridge over the River Nene, where the A509 exits south near <span href="http://www.northamptonshire.gov.uk/Leisure/Countryside/Irchester.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.northamptonshire.gov.uk/Leisure/Countryside/Irchester.htm" rel="nofollow">Irchester Country Park</span>.<br /> East of Wellingborough, the road crosses the <span href="/wiki/Midland_Main_Line" title="Midland Main Line">Midland Main Line</span>. There is a GSJ for the <span href="/wiki/A5001_road" title="A5001 road">A5001</span>, which heads to <span href="/wiki/Rushden" title="Rushden">Rushden</span>. There is then a roundabout with the A5028. This is the point where the new road (post-<span href="/wiki/A14_road" title="A14 road">A14</span>), heads north-east rather than due east. The old route, now the B6<b>45</b>, heads through <span href="/wiki/Higham_Ferrers" title="Higham Ferrers">Higham Ferrers</span>, which is now bypassed by the A45. The bypass runs alongside the <span href="/wiki/River_Nene" title="River Nene">River Nene</span>. At the roundabout with the <span href="/wiki/A6_road" title="A6 road">A6</span> near <span href="/wiki/Irthlingborough" title="Irthlingborough">Irthlingborough</span>, it starts the follow the former route of the A605. The section of dual carriageway from the M1 now ends at the next roundabout. This is the start of the <span href="/wiki/Raunds" title="Raunds">Raunds</span> bypass. The next roundabout is with the B663. The route bypasses <span href="/wiki/Ringstead%2C_Northamptonshire" title="Ringstead, Northamptonshire">Ringstead</span> and the A45 finishes at a GSJ with the A14 near <span href="/wiki/Thrapston" title="Thrapston">Thrapston</span>.<br /> <span name="Annexed_section" id="Annexed_section"></span><br /> <b> Annexed section</b><br /> The original (1923) route of the A45 was Birmingham to Ipswich. The road was extended to Felixstowe in 1935, replacing the A139.<br /> When the new A14 A1-M1 link road was opened to traffic in the mid-1990s, the Cambridge to Felixstowe stretch of the A45 was redesignated as the A14; from the former A605 to the A1 it was downgraded to B645; and from the A1 to Cambridge it became part of an extended A428.<br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> mucoproteinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08273989713827724971noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5532606839544815785.post-9832458674776558502008-04-10T13:01:00.001-04:002008-04-10T13:01:17.908-04:00 <b></b><br /> <i>For the figure skater, see <span href="/wiki/Benjamin_Miller" title="Benjamin Miller">Benjamin Miller</span></i><br /> <b>Ben Miller</b> (born <span href="/wiki/1966" title="1966">1966</span>) is a British <span href="/wiki/Comedian" title="Comedian">comedian</span>, <span href="/wiki/Television_director" title="Television director">director</span> and <span href="/wiki/Actor" title="Actor">actor</span>.<br /> <span name="Biography" id="Biography"></span><br /> <img src="http://www.fredonia.edu/prweb/cr/Vol37_27_files/blood.bank.ben.miller.jpg" alt="Ben Miller" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Career</b><br /> While at Cambridge, he acted with and dated <span href="/wiki/Rachel_Weisz" title="Rachel Weisz">Rachel Weisz</span>.<br /> <span name="Awards" id="Awards"></span><br /> <b> Awards</b><br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</span> - <span href="/wiki/There%27s_Only_One_Jimmy_Grimble" title="There's Only One Jimmy Grimble">There's Only One Jimmy Grimble</span> - Johnny Two Dogs, alongside <span href="/wiki/Ray_Winstone" title="Ray Winstone">Ray Winstone</span> and <span href="/wiki/Robert_Carlyle" title="Robert Carlyle">Robert Carlyle</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</span> - <span href="/wiki/The_Parole_Officer" title="The Parole Officer">The Parole Officer</span>, Colin - A <span href="/wiki/Steve_Coogan" title="Steve Coogan">Steve Coogan</span> project<br /> <span href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</span> - <span href="/wiki/Johnny_English" title="Johnny English">Johnny English</span> - Bough, English's Sidekick, alongside <span href="/wiki/Rowan_Atkinson" title="Rowan Atkinson">Rowan Atkinson</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</span> - <span href="/wiki/Razzle_Dazzle:_A_Journey_Into_Dance" title="Razzle Dazzle: A Journey Into Dance">Razzle Dazzle: A Journey Into Dance</span> - Mr. Jonathon mucoproteinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08273989713827724971noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5532606839544815785.post-53156518207403325452008-04-09T13:31:00.001-04:002008-04-09T13:31:22.352-04:00<img src="http://www.scottishsport.co.uk/cycling/photos/Leadhill1.JPG" alt="Union Canal (Scotland)" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> The <b>Union Canal</b> is a 31.5 mile (50.7 km) <span href="/wiki/Contour_canal" title="Contour canal">contour canal</span> in <span href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</span>, from <span href="/wiki/Lochrin" title="Lochrin">Lochrin</span> Basin in <span href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</span> to <span href="/wiki/Falkirk" title="Falkirk">Falkirk</span>, where it meets the <span href="/wiki/Forth_and_Clyde_Canal" title="Forth and Clyde Canal">Forth and Clyde Canal</span>. It was originally known as the <b>Edinburgh and Glasgow Union Canal</b>, to celebrate the uniting of the two cities by the new <span href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canal</span> network, but this name is rarely used today.<br /> The canal was designed by <span href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Baird_%28engineer%29&action=edit" class="new" title="Hugh Baird (engineer)">Hugh Baird</span> who oversaw the engineering work while it was being built between 1818 and 1822. Two of its construction workers were the famous murderers <span href="/wiki/Burke_and_Hare" title="Burke and Hare">Burke and Hare</span>.<br /> The <span href="/wiki/Soliton" title="Soliton">soliton</span> was first demonstrated on the Union Canal in 1834. A modern <span href="/wiki/Aqueduct" title="Aqueduct">aqueduct</span> over the <span href="/wiki/Edinburgh_City_Bypass" title="Edinburgh City Bypass">Edinburgh City Bypass</span> is named after the discoverer of the soliton, <span href="/wiki/John_Scott_Russell" title="John Scott Russell">John Scott Russell</span>.<br /> Originally used for transporting <span href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</span>, competition from the <span href="/wiki/Railway" title="Railway">railways</span> caused it to close to commercial use in the 1930s. The <span href="/wiki/Canal_lock" title="Canal lock">locks</span> connecting it to the Forth and Clyde Canal at <span href="/wiki/Falkirk" title="Falkirk">Falkirk</span> were filled in and built over.<br /> The canal is now used recreationally by <span href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">canoeists</span> at the <span href="/wiki/Forth_Canoe_Club" title="Forth Canoe Club">Forth Canoe Club</span> and <span href="/wiki/Watercraft_rowing" title="Watercraft rowing">rowers</span> from schools and St Andrew Rowing Club. The Edinburgh, Ratho and Linlithgow Canal Societies promote general use of the canal and hire rowing and <span href="/wiki/Narrowboat" title="Narrowboat">narrowboats</span>.<br /> The <i>Millennium Link</i> (a project to restore both the Union and Forth and Clyde Canals) saw the two canals joined once again at the Falkirk end of the Union Canal, in the year 2000, by means of the <span href="/wiki/Falkirk_Wheel" title="Falkirk Wheel">Falkirk Wheel</span>.<br /> The Union Canal is a contour canal, following a 73 metre (240ft) contour throughout its length. Originally the only locks were those at Falkirk to make the link to the Forth and Clyde canal. Now there is one lock just before the Falkirk Wheel and a double lock just above. There is also a new tunnel where the canal crosses the <span href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</span>.<br /> The canal has many <span href="/wiki/Aqueduct" title="Aqueduct">aqueducts</span>, including the Slateford Aqueduct that takes the canal over the Water of Leith in Edinburgh, the Almond Aqueduct near <span href="/wiki/Ratho" title="Ratho">Ratho</span> and the 810ft long Avon Aqueduct near <span href="/wiki/Linlithgow" title="Linlithgow">Linlithgow</span>, the second longest in the United Kingdom.<br /> The Edinburgh end of the canal no longer reaches the site of Lochrin Basin, which was filled in after the canal closed. Instead the canal stops a little to the south and west of Lochrin Basin, at the site of another basin at <span href="/wiki/Fountainbridge" title="Fountainbridge">Fountainbridge</span>. This area is currently being redeveloped as <span href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh_Quay&action=edit" class="new" title="Edinburgh Quay">Edinburgh Quay</span> for commercial and residential use.<br /> With the canal now largely restored for both boating and for walkers and cyclists on the towpath it is enjoying new life. Holiday barges are common in the spring and summer, while in area nearer the city centre there are even year-round residents living on barges while 'floating restaurant' barges sail most evenings where you can enjoy a meal and a cruise. Local rowing clubs continue to use the canal (notably from the universities in the city) and on June 30th 2007 a raft race (pictured) was held at the final section near Fountainbridge, behind the now disused Scottish and Newcastle Brewery along to the end of the canal at Tollcross, close to the original home of Sir Sean Connery, all using found 'junk' material. The picture above shows some of the competitors coming through the raised Leamington Lift Bridge (now all working once more) to reach the start line.<br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> mucoproteinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08273989713827724971noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5532606839544815785.post-48899025356478175932008-04-08T12:27:00.001-04:002008-04-08T12:27:22.501-04:00 <b> Prelude</b><br /> Ibrahim sent an envoy to Mani demanding its surrender or else he would pillage it.<br /> <span name="Battle_of_Diro" id="Battle_of_Diro"></span><br /> <img src="http://www.super6th.org/brest/brp24pow.jpg" alt="Battle of Vergas" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Battle of Vergas</b><br /> During the Battle of Vergas, Ibrahim decided to attack the Maniots from the rear. His plan was to send a small fleet with a few soldiers to land at the Bay of Diros, 2 kilometers south of Areopolis.<br /> <span name="Battle_of_Polytsaravo" id="Battle_of_Polytsaravo"></span><br /> <b> Battle of Diro</b><br /> After his retreat from Mani due to the defeats at Vergas and Diros Pasha renewed his offensive in August. This was the last invasion launched against Mani.<br /> <span name="Aftermath" id="Aftermath"></span><br /> <b> Battle of Polytsaravo</b><br /> Even though this campaign is overshadowed by other battles of the revolution, this one was one of the most important. The Maniates stopped the Egyptians and Ibrahim Pasha who had not been defeated this desicevly before. The women who defeated the Egyptians at Diros have been given the name of 'The Amazons of Diros'. This ended the Maniots' independence and they were forced to pay taxes.<br /> <span name="Notes" id="Notes"></span><br /> <b> Notes</b><br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> mucoproteinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08273989713827724971noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5532606839544815785.post-13749201054779320782008-04-07T11:18:00.001-04:002008-04-07T11:18:10.610-04:00<img src="http://ec1.images-amazon.com/images/I/51KAKWCbaoL._AA280_.jpg" alt="A78 road" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Route</b><br /> Much of the road is single carriageway - both for a short distance through Greenock and a 21 <span href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mile</span> stretch between Inverkip and Ardrossan.<br /> The rest is <span href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">dual carriageway</span> - between the Eglington and Warrix interchanges there are in fact 3 lanes in each direction, and the road is constructed to motorway standard (with full <span href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade separation</span> at junctions) save for a lack of hard shoulders. The road very rarely appears busy on this stretch - the adjacent <span href="/wiki/New_Town" title="New Town">New Town</span> of <span href="/wiki/Irvine%2C_North_Ayrshire" title="Irvine, North Ayrshire">Irvine, North Ayrshire</span> had a population of only 33,090 in the 2001 census.<span href="http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Population&mainArea=Irvine&mainLevel=Locality" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Population&mainArea=Irvine&mainLevel=Locality" rel="nofollow">[1]</span>.<br /> <span name="Recent_Improvements" id="Recent_Improvements"></span><br /> <b> Recent Improvements</b><br /> Flooding is common during periods of high winds combined with a high tide on the coastal stretch between <span href="/wiki/Largs" title="Largs">Largs</span> and <span href="/wiki/Skelmorlie" title="Skelmorlie">Skelmorlie</span>. For this reason, closure gates are located at both the north end of Largs and the south end of Skelmorlie.<br /> When the road is closed traffic between Largs and <span href="/wiki/Greenock" title="Greenock">Greenock</span> is often diverted along narrow country lanes with little room to pass any oncoming traffic. This has been known to cause widespread delays.<br /> <span name="Major_Accidents" id="Major_Accidents"></span><br /> mucoproteinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08273989713827724971noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5532606839544815785.post-10333390051643132402008-04-06T12:31:00.001-04:002008-04-06T12:31:32.927-04:00 <b></b><br /> <b>Texture mapping</b> is a method for adding detail, surface <span href="/wiki/Texture_%28computer_graphics%29" title="Texture (computer graphics)">texture</span>, or colour to a <span href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">computer-generated graphic</span> or <span href="/wiki/3D_model" title="3D model">3D model</span>. Its application to 3D graphics was pioneered by Dr <span href="/wiki/Edwin_Catmull" title="Edwin Catmull">Edwin Catmull</span> in his Ph.D. thesis of 1974.<br /> <span name="Texture_mapping" id="Texture_mapping"></span><br /> <img src="http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/2151/tmap7.jpg" alt="Texture mapping" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Perspective correctness</b><br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Bump_mapping" title="Bump mapping">Bump mapping</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Clamping_%28graphics%29" title="Clamping (graphics)">Clamping</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Normal_mapping" title="Normal mapping">Normal mapping</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Displacement_mapping" title="Displacement mapping">Displacement mapping</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Edwin_Catmull" title="Edwin Catmull">Edwin Catmull</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Texture_filtering" title="Texture filtering">Texture filtering</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Texture_splatting" title="Texture splatting">Texture splatting</span> - a technique for combining textures.<br /> <span href="/wiki/Wrapping_%28graphics%29" title="Wrapping (graphics)">Wrapping (graphics)</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Texture_atlas" title="Texture atlas">Texture atlas</span> mucoproteinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08273989713827724971noreply@blogger.com