KKK redirects here. For other uses, see KKK (disambiguation).
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Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is the name of several past and present fascist organizations in the United States that have advocated white supremacy, antisemitism, racism, homophobia, anti-Communism and nativism. These organizations have often used terrorism, violence and acts of intimidation, such as cross lighting to oppress African Americans, and other social or ethnic groups.
The Klan's first incarnation was in 1866. Founded by veterans of the Confederate Army, its main purpose was to resist Reconstruction, and it focused as much on intimidating "carpetbaggers" and "scalawags" as on putting down the freed slaves. The KKK quickly adopted violent methods. A rapid reaction set in, with the Klan's leadership disowning violence and Southern elites seeing the Klan as an excuse for federal troops to continue their activities in the South. The organization was in decline from 1868 to 1870 and was destroyed in the early 1870s by President Ulysses S. Grant's vigorous action under the Civil Rights Act of 1871 (also known as the Ku Klux Klan Act).
In 1915, a second distinct group was founded using the same name. It was inspired by the newfound power of the modern mass media, via the film The Birth of a Nation and inflammatory anti-Semitic newspaper accounts surrounding the trial and lynching of accused murderer Leo Frank. The second KKK was a formal fraternal organization, with a national and state structure, that paid thousands of men to organize local chapters all over the country. At its peak in the early 1920s, the organization included about 15% of the nation's eligible population, approximately 4–5 million men.
Imperial Klans of America
Knights of the White Kamelia
Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, headed by National Director Pastor Thom Robb, and based in Zinc, Arkansas. Claims to be biggest Klan organization in America today. It refers to itself as the "sixth era Klan" and continues to be a racist group.
Klabee: treasurers
Kleagle: recruiter
Klecktoken: initiation fee
Kligrapp: secretary
Klonvocation: gathering
Kloran: ritual book
Kloreroe: delegate
Kludd: chaplain
American Protective Association
History of the United States (1865–1918)
Johnny Lee Clary
Jim Crow laws
Knights of the Golden Circle
Ku Klux Klan regalia and insignia
Silent Brotherhood
Terrorism
Wide Awakes
Notable alleged Ku Klux Klan members in national politics
Hugo Black
WKKK, KKK auxiliaries
The Birth of a Nation
The Clansman
The Leopard's Spots
The Five Orange Pips
Christian Terrorism
Timeline of Racial Tension in Omaha, Nebraska
Axelrod, Alan. The International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies & Fraternal Orders, New York: Facts On File, 1997.
Dray, Philip. At the Hands of Persons Unknown: The Lynching of Black America, New York: Random House, 2002.
Feldman, Glenn. Politics, Society, and the Klan in Alabama, 1915–1949. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL, 1999.
Horn, Stanley F. Invisible Empire: The Story of the Ku Klux Klan, 1866–1871, Patterson Smith Publishing Corporation: Montclair, NJ, 1939.
Ingalls, Robert P. Hoods: The Story of the Ku Klux Klan, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1979.
Levitt, Stephen D. and Stephen J. Dubner. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. New York: William Morrow (2005).
Moore, Leonard J. Citizen Klansmen: The Ku Klux Klan in Indiana, 1921–1928 Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina Press, 1991.
Newton, Michael, and Judy Ann Newton. The Ku Klux Klan: An Encyclopedia. New York & London: Garland Publishing, 1991.
Parsons, Elaine Frantz, "Midnight Rangers: Costume and Performance in the Reconstruction-Era Ku Klux Klan." The Journal of American History 92.3 (2005): 811–836.
Rhodes, James Ford. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896. Volume: 7. (1920)
Rogers, William; Ward, Robert; Atkins, Leah; and Flynt, Wayne. Alabama: The History of a Deep South State. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL, 1994.
Steinberg. Man From Missouri. New York: Van Rees Press, 1962.
Thompson, Jerry. My Life in the Klan, Rutledge Hill Press, Nashville. Originally published in 1982 by G.P. Putnam's Sons, ISBN 0-399-12695-3.
Trelease, Allen W. White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction (Louisiana State University Press: 1995).
Wade, Wyn Craig. The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America. New York: Simon and Schuster (1987).
Kathleen M. Blee, Women of the Klan, University of California Press, 1992, ISBN 0-520-07876-4
The Growth of White Supremacist gangs in the USA. Gainesville.
Ku Klux Klan: A Secret History, a TV documentary on the KKK.
The History of the Original Ku Klux Klan — by an anonymous author sympathetic to the original Klan.
The Southern Poverty Law Center Report
The ADL on the KKK
Spartacus Education about the KKK
MIPT Terrorist Knowledge Base for the KKK
In 1999, South Carolina town defines the KKK as terrorist
A long interview with Stanley F. Horn, author of Invisible Empire: The Story of the Ku Klux Klan, 1866–1871.
Full text of the Klan Act of 1871 (simplified version)
Ku Klux Klan in the Reconstruction Era (New Georgia Encyclopedia)
Ku Klux Klan in the Twentieth Century (New Georgia Encyclopedia)
The Protestant "Kluxing" of Cañyon City, Colorado — (Cañyon City Public Library)